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The German Question and its European Solution
Wilfried Loth 한국외국어대학교 EU연구소 2015 EU연구 Vol.- No.39
The German question was not only about re-unification of two opposite German states embedded in the bi-polar constellation of the Cold War. It was more generally the question of a balance between German sovereignty as a nation state and peace in Europe. In order to solve this problem the establishment of federal structures on the European continent was needed. In the context of the Cold War the German question reveals itself as decisive for the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the core of supranational community building after World War II. European Integration as a means to contain Germany was confirmed by the Rome Treaties and the Franco-German Treaty of 1963. The hardness test of the European Community based on an understanding between France and the Federal Republic came when the Soviet hegemony on Eastern Europe began to be dissolved and the bi-polar order came to a sudden end in 1989/90. Chancellor Helmut Kohl’s announcement of postponing the political decision on the monetary union for another year, along with its incorporation into a more comprehensive reform project containing many pitfalls, was perceived in Paris as a covert rejection and the beginning of the end of the European Community. When at the end of November 1989 Kohl did perceive this he gave in on the issue of committing to the monetary union. Thus, Kohl and French President François Mitterrand not only succeeded in preventing the European unification process from being compromised by German re-unification, but were even able to give fresh impetus to this process.
빌프레드 로스(Wilfried Loth),정소정(번역자) 서울대학교 아시아연구소 2015 아시아리뷰 Vol.5 No.1
냉전은 권력정치(power politics)와 안보, 패권에 대한 문제만이 아닌, 산업발전의 여러 단계에서 경제와 사회를 어떻게 조직해야 하는가에 대한 서로 다른 이론들 간의 갈등이기도 했다. 물론 이념과 신념체계가 냉전을 형성하는 데 가장 큰 기여를 했지만, 사회 갈등 역시 광범위하게 냉전의 경과와 결과를 결정하는 데 중요한 영향을 끼쳤다. 냉전시기에는 자본주의에 대한 마르크스주의자들의 도전에서 시작해 다양한 사회적 개념이 출현했지만, 특별히 대중적으로 선호하는 모델이 부상하지는 않았다. 그러나 장기적으로 보자면, 집단주의적 중앙계획경제는 커다란 비용에도 불구하고 저개발 사회들을 근대화하는 데에는 어느 정도 강점을 보였다. 반면에 자유시장경제는 적어도 국가가 운영하는 사회복지제도와 일국적, 국제적 수준의 계획을 일정한 정도 수용한 이후에 훨씬 더 높은 생산성을 보여주었다. 정치적 자유가 생산성과 혁신에 유리하게 작용했다는 점이 20세기의 가장 중요한 교훈일 것이다. The Cold War was not only about power politics, security and hegemony―it was also a conflict between differing theories of how to organize economies and societies at the various stages of industrial development. Ideologies and belief systems helped define the Cold War front lines, but social conflict also largely determined its course and outcome. Beginning with the Marxist challenge to the capitalist system, multiple social concepts emerged during the course of the Cold War without any clear popular model emerging. In the long run, however, collectivist and centrally-planned economies exhibited some strengths in modernizing less developed societies albeit at great costs. Oppositely, free-market economies showed greater productivity, at least after having accepted state-run systems of social welfare and a certain degree of planning at the national and international levels. That political freedom favoured productivity and innovation ought to be one of the major lessons of the twentieth century.
윤우빈,Loth Meng,한시호,Aung Aung,조민석,박병배 한국토양비료학회 2019 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.52 No.1
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of biochar mixed ratios made by oaks on the growth andquality index of Prunus sargentii seedlings in a containerized seedling production system. We treated biocharmade by oak charcoal with 10% and 20% volume ratio of the artificial soil including the untreated control andapplied two levels of 0.5 and 1.0 g/L fertilization treatments. Generally, growth parameters including height,root collar diameter, and dry weight were decreased by biochar treatments and there were no fertilizationeffects. However, 10% biochar treatment significantly increased quality index by 26% compared to that ofcontrol. Our results suggested the oak charcoal, a kind of biochar, can be substituted up to 10% of the artificialsoil in the containerized P. sargentii seedling production system and expect to increase the survival rate in thebeginning of the plantation.
Afroja Rahman,Loth Meng,한시호,서기천,정문호,박병배 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2018 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.45 No.2
Soil characteristics along with various container lengths have an important role in the early survival rate and growth of seedlings by influencing the seedling quality. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of container length and different soil mixtures on the growth of poplar in a greenhouse. Two types of soil, homogeneous vs. heterogeneous, were used along with two container lengths (30 vs. 60 cm). The heterogeneous soil was made by dividing 50% vermiculite from a mixture of 25% vermicompost and 25% nursery soil in volume. For the homogeneous soil, the above three soil types were mixed together. Populus euramericana clone cuttings were planted in late April, and then, the growth height, root collar diameter (RCD) and biomass were measured in August. The height of the poplar was not significantly affected by container length and soil type, but the RCD was significantly affected by soil type. Leaf and root biomass was higher at the long container than at the short container for both soil treatments, but stem biomass was lower at the heterogeneous soil than at the homogeneous soil treatment. Root to shoot biomass ratio was higher at the heterogeneous soil treatment than at the homogeneous soil treatment by 12%. In conclusion, heterogeneous soil along with a long container is suitable to increase the carbon allocation into the root.
AUNGAUNG,한시호,윤우빈,Loth Meng,조민석,박병배 한국산림과학회 2018 Forest Science And Technology Vol.14 No.3
Biochars are used to improve soil quality and crop productivity as well as to increase carbon sequestration in soil. However, it is important to identify the characteristics of biochar prior to its application because of the positive and negative effects on soil and crop productivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of charcoals on the growth and seedling quality of Quercus serrata and Prunus sargentii in a containerized seedling production system. Two of the charcoals used in our research were from oak tree; one produced at 1200 C and the other at 700800 C, and a bamboo charcoal produced at about 800 C. Three charcoals were mixed with artificial soil (peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite with a ratio of 1:1:1 (v/v/v)), and applied commercial fertilizer at two concentrations; 0.5 and 1.0 g L1. Growth parameters, such as height, root collar diameter, and dry weight, were decreased in charcoal treatments compared to control. However, charcoal treatments significantly increased the quality index of seedlings by 8.3% in Q. serrata and by 19.9% in P. sargentii. Our results suggested that charcoal can be applied to improve seedl
Magnetism in Single Metalloorganic Complexes Formed by Atom Manipulation
Choi, T.,Badal, M.,Loth, S.,Yoo, J.-W.,Lutz, C. P.,Heinrich, A. J.,Epstein, A. J.,Stroud, D. G.,Gupta, J. A. American Chemical Society 2014 NANO LETTERS Vol.14 No.3
<P>The magnetic properties of molecular structures can be tailored by chemical synthesis or bottom-up assembly at the atomic scale. We used scanning tunneling microscopy to study charge and spin transfer in individual complexes of transition metals with the charge acceptor, tetracyanoethylene (TCNE). The complexes were formed on a thin insulator, Cu<SUB>2</SUB>N on Cu(100), by manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. The Cu<SUB>2</SUB>N layer decouples the complexes from Cu electron density, enabling direct imaging of the TCNE molecular orbitals as well as spin-flip inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy. Results were obtained at low temperature down to 1 K and in magnetic fields up to 7 T in order to resolve splitting of spin states in the complexes. We also performed spin-polarized density functional theory calculations to compare with the experimental data. Our results indicate that charge transfer to TCNE leads to a change in spin magnitude, Kondo resonance, and magnetic anisotropy for the metal atoms.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2014/nalefd.2014.14.issue-3/nl404054v/production/images/medium/nl-2013-04054v_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl404054v'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>