The versatility of copper tin sulfide

Lokhande, A. C.,Babar, P. T.,Karade, V. C.,Gang, M. G.,Lokhande, V. C.,Lokhande, C. D.,Kim, Jin Hyeok The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019 Journal of materials chemistry. A, Materials for e Vol.7 No.29

<P>In recent years, copper tin sulfide (CTS) chalcogenide compounds have witnessed applicability in various fields, rendering them as a formidable candidate for various applications. The intrinsic tunable properties accompanied by low cost, easy processing methods and eco-friendly character of CTS compounds collectively contribute to new avenues in industrial applications. In the past decade, chalcogenide CTS compounds have been extensively studied for thin film solar cell (TFSC) applications. However, with the consistent developments in scientific technology, various other applications related to optical, electrochemical, biological, functional coating and gas sensing technology have emerged. It is of vital importance to understand the driving mechanism of these applications for designing a new course for future research. Hence, in this review, the current status of various applications of CTS compounds is discussed. The key factors influencing the multifunctionality such as material properties, synthesis methods, and the doping strategy have been scrutinized. A comprehensive critical assessment of every application with ongoing developments, functional device fabrication, working mechanisms, associated issues/solutions and its potential future is made. The aim of the article is not only to overview the multiple existing applications of CTS compounds but also to develop a meritorious platform for further development in generating state of the art applications.</P>

Binder-free novel Cu₄SnS₄ electrode for high-performance supercapacitors

Lokhande, A.C.,Patil, Amar,Shelke, A.,Babar, P.T.,Gang, M.G.,Lokhande, V.C.,Dhawale, Dattatray S.,Lokhande, C.D.,Kim, Jin Hyeok Elsevier 2018 ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA Vol.284 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this work, for the first time, we report the direct coating of ternary chalcogenide-based nanostructured Cu<SUB>4</SUB>SnS<SUB>4</SUB> (CTS) thin film electrodes for the energy storage application. The phase purity, composition, microstructure, optical and electrical properties of the synthesized electrode are validated through comprehensive characterization techniques. In the supercapacitive application, the CTS electrode delivers an excellent performance with the maximum specific capacitance of 704 F/g, an energy density of 27.77 Wh/kg and a power density of 7.14 kW/kg in 1 M NaOH electrolyte solution. The intrinsic electrode properties such as the electronic conductivity, crystal structure and film hydrophilicity are found to be influential parameters for the obtained high performance and are studied in detail. Furthermore, the solid-state supercapacitive device fabricated using CTS electrodes and polymer gel electrolyte (PVA/NaOH) in a symmetric configuration, demonstrated the highest specific capacitance of 34.9 F/g with an energy density of 2.4 Wh/kg, a power density of 0.291 kW/kg and more than 89.9% capacitive retention. The presented work reports a simple, cost-effective, scalable and replicable approach for electrode application in supercapacitor industry.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Specific capacitance of 704 F/g, an energy density of 27.77 Wh/kg and a power density of 7.14 kW/kg. </LI> <LI> The intrinsic electrode properties, such as the electronic conductivity, crystal structure and hydrophilicity are found to be influential parameters. </LI> <LI> Symmetric device: specific capacitance of 34.9 F/g, an energy density of 2.4 Wh/kg, a power density of 0.291 kW/kg with 89.9% capacitive retention for 1000 cycles. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>The obtained porous microstructure of the CTS thin film electrode using SILAR method and its electrochemical characterization in solid-state symmetric configuration. The CV and GCD curves are accomplished in the potential window range of 0–1.2 V. The device exhibited 89.9% stability retention after 1000 CV cycles.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Room temperature liquefied petroleum gas sensing using Cu₂SnS₃/CdS heterojunction

Lokhande, A.C.,Yadav, A.A.,Lee, JuYeon,He, Mingrui,Patil, S.J.,Lokhande, V.C.,Lokhande, C.D.,Kim, Jin Hyeok Elsevier 2017 JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS Vol.709 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In the present work, for the first time, we report the fabrication of Cu<SUB>2</SUB>SnS<SUB>3</SUB> (CTS)/CdS heterojunction for room temperature (27 °C) liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensing. The heterojunction is formed between sputter deposited CTS thin films and chemically bath deposited CdS thin films. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the thin films are evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and UV–visible spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The fabricated heterojunction quality is evaluated from the forward biased current-voltage (I-V) study and the influence of annealing treatment of p-CTS thin film on LPG sensing properties of the heterojunction has been investigated. The CTS/CdS heterojunction exhibits maximum LPG response of 56% at room temperature under exposure of 780 ppm LPG concentration with 31s and 56s response and recovery time, respectively. The device retained 95% gas sensing stability after time period of 60 days suggesting that the fabricated CTS/CdS heterojunction is reliable and promising for LPG sensing. The factors affecting LPG sensing performance and plausible gas sensing mechanism are discussed in this study.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> CTS/CdS heterojunction based LPG sensor. </LI> <LI> 56% LPG sensing response upon exposure of 780 ppm LPG concentration. </LI> <LI> 95% gas sensing stability of the junction after time period of 60 days. </LI> <LI> LPG gas sensing mechanism. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Differential Osmotic Adjustment to Iso-osmotic NaCl and PEG Stress in the in vitro Cultures of Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.

Lokhande, Vinayak Haribhau,Nikam, Tukaram Dayaram,Penna, Suprasanna 한국작물학회 2010 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.13 No.4

The influence of iso-osmotic (-0.7 MPa) NaCl and PEG stress on growth, osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense mechanisms was investigated in the in vitro cultures of Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. The decreased relative growth rate (RGR) and water content of PEG-stressed calli in comparison to NaCl was found to be correlated with differences observed in the energy expenditure for the maintenance of osmotic balance. Osmotic adjustment in the NaCl-stressed calli favored higher accumulation of saline ions and soluble sugars, whereas PEG-stressed calli confirmed increased levels of organic osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine and soluble sugars). Permeability of $Na^+$ ions across the membrane revealed increased relative electrolytic leakage (REL) in NaCl-stressed calli, however non-penetrating and highly viscous solution of PEG amplified the peroxidation of membrane lipids. Increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase displayed efficient removal of toxic reactive oxygen species in comparison to ascorbate peroxidase in the calli exposed to iso-osmotic stress. These findings suggest that differential tolerance potential to iso-osmotic NaCl and PEG stress in terms of osmotic adjustment appears to be the prime defense mechanism of Sesuvium for its survival under iso-osmotic stress conditions at the expense of reduced growth and water content.

Reliable and reproducible colorimetric detection of mercury ions (Hg2+) using green synthesized optically active silver nanoparticles containing thin film on flexible plastic substrate

Lokhande, A. C.,Shinde, N. M.,Shelke, A.,Babar, P. T.,Kim, J. H. Springer Science + Business Media 2017 Journal of solid state electrochemistry Vol.21 No.9

Towards cost effective metal precursor sources for future photovoltaic material synthesis: CTS nanoparticles

Lokhande, A.C.,Gurav, K.V.,Jo, E.,He, M.,Lokhande, C.D.,Kim, J.H. Elsevier Science Publishers 2016 Optical materials Vol.54 No.-

Copper tin sulfide (CTS) is an emerging candidate for solar application due to its favorable band gap and higher optical absorption coefficient. Kuramite-Tetragonal Cu<SUB>3</SUB>SnS<SUB>4</SUB> (CTS) monodisperse nanoparticles are prepared by hot injection technique involving cost effective sulfate metal precursor source. A protocol for controlled crystal structure has been demonstrated by variation of cationic Cu:Sn ratio. The crystal structure, size, phase purity, atomic composition, oxidation state and optical properties of the nanoparticles are confirmed from X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-visible spectroscopy, respectively. Hexagonal shaped particles within the size distribution of 7-9nm with an optimal band gap of 1.28eV are obtained. XPS study shows the Cu<SUP>1+</SUP>, Sn<SUP>4+</SUP> and S<SUP>2-</SUP> oxidation states. The effects of influential factors such as metal precursor ratio, metal precursor source, reaction time, heating rate and solvents have been demonstrated systematically on the synthesis of CTS nanoparticles. The plausible mechanism of the formation of CTS nanoparticles has been proposed. The obtained results provide new insight for applying CTS nanoparticles in photovoltaic applications.

Studies on surface treatment of electrodeposited Ni–Zn alloy coatings using saccharin additive

Lokhande, A. C.,Shelke, A.,Babar, P. T.,Bagi, J. S.,Kim, J. H. Springer Science + Business Media 2017 Journal of solid state electrochemistry Vol.21 No.9

Chemical synthesis of Cu₂SnS₃ (CTS) nanoparticles: A status review

Lokhande, A.C.,Gurav, K.V.,Jo, E.,Lokhande, C.D.,Kim, J.H. Elsevier Sequoia 2016 JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS Vol.656 No.-

Solar industry has received great attention due to its potential capability for satisfying the increasing energy needs. Efforts are being made to develop high power conversion efficient solar cells. High efficiency solar cells based on CdTe and CuInGaS<SUB>2</SUB> (CIGS) quaternary chalcogenide compounds are costly and toxic. As a replacement for these costly and toxic compounds, earth abundant and nontoxic Cu<SUB>2</SUB>ZnSnS<SUB>4</SUB> (CZTS) compound was developed which showed promising application in solar cells. The commercialization of this compound is an issue as it is difficult to control the individual elemental composition and structure due to increased number of elements in the absorber compound. Hence, there is a great need to find the alternative material to address these issues. These compound semiconductors are replaced with environmental benign and low cost ternary Cu<SUB>2</SUB>SnS<SUB>3</SUB> (CTS) compound wherein the constituent elements such as copper, tin and sulfur are earth abundant and nontoxic. CTS is an emerging candidate for solar application because of its favorable band gap and higher optical absorption coefficient. Solar cells based on nanoparticle synthesized CTS have shown good power conversion efficiency (PCE 3.66%) due to size confinement effect. This review focuses on the recent developments in CTS nanoparticle synthesis by various chemical methods. A brief overview of these methods including its advantages along with its working mechanism is discussed. The effect of various experimental parameters of these chemical methods on CTS synthesis is elaborated. The structural, electrical and optical properties of CTS have been outlined and its potential applications have been presented. Finally, the challenges involved in the CTS synthesis and the scope for further development are discussed.

Copper Catalyzed Selective Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol to Benzaldehyde

Lokhande, Pradeep D.,Waghmare, Smita R.,Gaikwad, Harsh,Hankare, P.P. Korean Chemical Society 2012 대한화학회지 Vol.56 No.5

Fabrication of pulsed laser deposited Ge doped CZTSSe thin film based solar cells: Influence of selenization treatment

Lokhande, A.C.,Chalapathy, R.B.V.,Jang, J.S.,Babar, P.T.,Gang, M.G.,Lokhande, C.D.,Kim, Jin Hyeok North-Holland 2017 Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In the present work, Ge doped CZTGeS thin films are pulsed laser deposited followed by annealing treatment in selenium environment. The influence of selenization condition on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of the absorber thin films are investigated. The thin films characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy techniques confirm the formation of Kesterite CZTGeSSe thin film compound with dominant A1 mode vibration. The morphological and optical studies of the thin films reveal the formation of compact and void free microstructure with optimal band gap in the range of 1–1.2eV. The impact of selenization temperature on the quality of thin films has been studied and thin film solar cells are fabricated with CZTGeSSe absorbers grown at various annealing temperatures from 525 to 575℃ to evaluate the performance of devices as a function of an annealing temperature. The elemental Ge and Sn losses from the absorber compound confirmed from X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) depended on the annealing temperature and linearly increased with increasing temperature affecting the optical, compositional and microstructural properties of the thin films. Compositional non uniformity is one of the factors that limit the performance of solar cell device. PLD technique due to its advantage of achieving precise stoichiometry control combined with optimized selenization conditions can potentially address the issue. Compared to solar cell fabricated from absorber compound annealed at 525 and 575℃, the solar cell fabricated from the absorber annealed at 550℃ exhibited the best conversion efficiency of 3.82% with V<SUB>oc</SUB> 434mV, J<SUB>sc</SUB> 18.33mA/cm<SUP>2</SUP>, FF 47.0% and retained nearly 90% power conversion efficiency (PCE) stability after time period of 60 days.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Pulsed laser deposition of Ge doped CZTS thin films. </LI> <LI> Band gap tuning of CZTGeS thin films with selenization treatment. </LI> <LI> Effect of annealing conditions on structural, optical and morphological properties of CZTGeSSe thin films. </LI> <LI> Fabrication of CZTGeSSe thin film solar cells with efficiency over 3.82%. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>