단수가격의 효과

조윤희(Jo, Yunhee),이원제(Lee, Won Jae),이성근(Yi, Seong Keun) 한국상품학회 2009 商品學硏究 Vol.27 No.3

단수가격에 관한 연구가 많이 이루어진 미국의 화폐 단위는 달러($)와 센트(¢), 두 가지로 표시한다. 하지만 우리나라의 경우 원(\) 단위가 유일하며, 1원 단위는 일반적인 현금 거래에서 통용되지 않는 화폐단위이다. 이처럼 기본적인 화폐 단위에 대한 차이가 있기 때문에 미국의 단수가격의 효과에 관한 실험 결과를 우리나라의 가격 연구에 그대로 받아들일 수 없다. 또한 단수가격의 효과에 관한 기존 연구들은 일반적으로 관여도가 낮은 저가격 제품을 대상으로 하고 있다. 따라서 우리나라의 경우에도 저가격 제품일 때 소비자의 가격에 대한 태도가 긍정적인지에 관한 연구와, 저가격 제품과 비교해 고가격 제품에서 단수가격을 사용하는 경우 그 효과가 달라지는지에 관한 연구를 하고자 한다. 실험 결과, 저가격 제품에서는 선행 연구에서처럼 단수가격에 대한 소비자의 태도가 정수 가격에 대한 소비자의 태도 보다 긍정적이었지만, 고가격 제품에서는 단수가격에 대한 소비자의 태도가 정수가격에 대한 소비자의 태도 보다 부정적으로 나타남을 증명하였다. 그러나 브랜드 인지도와 소비자의 가격에 대한 태도는 서로 상관이 없는 것으로 나타났다. Odd-price effect has been mainly applied to the goods with lower level price because consumers do not process the price information elaborately in the low involvement situation. Additionally as consumers have a tendency to process the price information from the left to the right digit, they perceive the goods with odd-price as much cheaper. The meaning of odd-price has some difference between U.S. and Korea. Usually odd-price in U.S. means 9-ending price. In Korea, odd-price should not be 9-ending price because unit "won" in price is perceived as a very small amount, the price strategy with 9-ending can not used. Thus, the odd-price should be the price ending at least 10 won. For that reason we can't apply the same concept used in U.S. to the Korean market. Based on the previous studies, I was concerned that odd-price policy still had an effect on the consumer attitude in Korean currency and that it could be applied to the good sith high level price. Additionally I checked how the brand moderates the effect of odd-price because brand could give some trust for the justification of the strategy.

일부 농촌지역 재가 장애인의 요구도 분석

정병옥,이규리,김근조,박흥기,김본원,Jung, Byeong-Ok,Lee, Cu-Rie,Kim, Keun-Jo,Park, Heung-Ki,Kim, Bonn-Won 대한물리치료과학회 2006 대한물리치료과학회지 Vol.13 No.4

The survey was conducted with participation of the 289 handicapped persons residing at the rural area OOeup-gun in Kyungbook for the period of March 2 - May 31, 2006, to study the nature in general of the handicapped and the boundaries of their need. For the nature in general of the handicapped, the study was done by gender iscrimination, age, marital status, religion, educational level, occupation, monthly income, disability cause, disabled duration, disability type, disability level. For the boundaries of their need, the study was done by demand of financial support, educational demand, demand of voluntary workers, need of rehabilitation and medical treatment, job training, improvement of living conditions, or so. Using the Win.SPSS program, we made a frequency analysis and conclusions on the nature in general of the handicapped and the boundaries of their need on a 2-test. Conclusions are : 1. Nature in general of the handicapped The existence of the handicapped shows high at the age over 51 (71.6%), male-handicapped (65.1%), primary school graduates (62.9%), farming engaging (65.2%), monthly income less than one million Won (80.5%), cause by disease (53.8%), duration more than 10 years (61.6%), disability at level 3 (39.8%), extremity disability (66.4%). 2. Correlation of nature in general with demand of the handicapped a. In demanding the financial support, support for helper’s compensation shows high (p<0.05). In demanding the necessity of voluntary workers, the male-handicapped appears high during the absence of family assistance and the female-handicapped appears differently per week and also appears high during the absence of family assistance (p<0.05). b. In educational demand of the handicapped by their age, the age below 30 demands technical-job training and the age over 31 demands medical education for health care (p<0.01). c. In demanding the financial support by educational level, support for living cost shows high (p<0.05). d. In demanding improvement of living conditions by postnatal cause of disability, improvement of house structure shows high (p<0.05). e. In demanding assistance of voluntary workers by disabled duration, "No Need" shows high in the disabled duration more than 4 years (p<0.05). f. In demanding rehabilitation and medical treatment by disability type, home-visiting treatment, oriental medical treatment and physical therapy show high (p<0.001). g. In educational demand by disability level, medical education for health care shows high (p<0.01).

권역심뇌혈관질환센터 사업의 비용-편익 분석

김병호 ( Byung Ho Kim ),감신 ( Sin Kam ),배상근 ( Sang Geun Bae ),김건엽 ( Keon-yeop Kim ),이원기 ( Won Kee Lee ),홍남수 ( Nam-soo Hong ),박형근 ( Hyeung-keun Park ),이혜진 ( Heyjean Lee ),조은정 ( Eun-jung Cho ),채성철 ( Shung C 한국보건정보통계학회(구 한국보건통계학회) 2017 보건정보통계학회지 Vol.42 No.1

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate economic feasibility of operating Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Centers using cost-benefit analysis. Methods: The current study assessed cost and benefit data collected from nine hospitals which were designated as Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Centers between 2008 and 2010. Results: The operation of Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Centers reduced mortality rate and length of stay due to acute myocardial infarction and stroke and also decreased disability occurred after stroke. The total calculated cost of operating nine Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Centers was 19.85-22.30 billion won and the minimum benefit calculated was 23.98 billion won. Applying the maximum cost and the minimum benefit, the net benefit was 1.68 billion won, which is estimated to 190 million won per Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the operation of Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Centers was economically beneficial. The benefit would be larger if intangible benefit such as the long-term effects to community hospitals and enhancement of quality of life of patients and their families are considered.

Molecular Surveillance for Tick-Borne Rickettsial and Protozoal Infectious Diseases of Dog in Korea

Keun-Ho Kim(Keun-Ho Kim),Mi-Sun Yoo(Mi-Sun Yoo),Hyun-Ji Seo(Hyun-Ji Seo),Kyu-Won Kwak(Kyu-Won Kwak),Hyunkyoung Lee(Hyunkyoung Lee),Jung-Won Park(Jung-Won Park),Seunghee Lee(Seunghee Lee),Soon-Seek Yoo 한국예방수의학회 2017 한국예방수의학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2017 No.-

Recovery Effects from Oxidative Cell Damage by So-Hap-Hyang-Won on Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells (BAEC)

Lee, Mi-Hwa,Kim, Ji-Young,Ju, Hyun-Yang,Lee, Ju-Young,Roh, Sang-Keun,Gu, Bon-Seong,Kim, Min-Ho,Han, Sang-Min,Kim, Hong-Sik,Choi, Won-Chul The Society of Korean Medicine 2003 대한한의학회지 Vol.24 No.4

So-Hap-Hyang-Won, a traditional oriental medicine used in the treatment of stroke patients, was examined for its ability to reverse the cell damage caused by lipid peroxidation products and oxidative stress in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). The effects of herbal medicine on cell proliferation and recovery of oxidative damaged situation were studied in BAEC, which was considered an appropriate in vitro model for stroke resulting from various vascular diseases prevalent in advanced age. In a clinical study of stroke patients, So-Hap-Hyang-Won appeared to improve considerably arm and leg movements as well as consciousness disturbance condition, compared with other traditional medicines used for stroke. When BAEC were treated with extracts of the lyophilized herbal medicines, only that of So-Hap-Hyang-Won stimulated cell proliferation and showed no toxicity even at high concentrations. In studies of BAEC treated with extracts of the lyophilized material of the 14 components of So-Hap-Hyang-Won, only the extract of Foeniculi Fructus stimulated cell growth at all concentrations tested. Moreover, when cells were treated with Foeniculi Fructus (10 and 100 mg/ml) extract after prior exposure to t-BHP ($l0\mu\textrm{M}$) or HNE ($0.2\mu\textrm{M}$), lipid peroxidation products which are known to be involved in aging and vascular diseases, or after the exposure to SIN-l ($500\mu\textrm{M}$), which generates nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive oxygen species, there was substantial recovery from the oxidative damage, presumably due to the radical-scavenging effect of Foeniculi Fructus extract. Foeniculi Fructus not only showed stimulatory effects on cell growth and cell damage repair in BAEC, but also appeared to show the most anti-aging activity among all the herbal components of So-Hap-Hyang-Won.

Sequential Changes in Aberrant Crypt Foci and Lectin Expression in the Early and Late Stages of DMH-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats

Won, Hye Sung,Maeng, Lee So,Chae, Hiun Suk,Kim, Hyung Keun,Cho, Young Suk,Kang, Jin-Hyoung,Jang, Hong Seok,Ryu, Mi-Ryeong The Korean Society of Gastroenterology; the Korean 2012 Gut and Liver Vol.6 No.2

<P><B>Background/Aims</B></P><P>The purpose of this study was to investigate the malignant potential of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) by measuring the multiplicity of crypts and lectin expression in the early and late stages of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Six-week-old Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with DMH for 27 weeks. We classified ACF according to the number of crypts per ACF as a few crypts (≤3 crypts, FC ACF) or numerous crypts (≥4 crypts, NC ACF). Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate lectin expression.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>In the early stage, FC ACF (590/1,902, 31.0%) occurred more frequently than NC ACF (35/449, 7.8%); whereas in the late stage, NC ACF (176/449, 39.2%) occurred more frequently than FC ACF (324/1,902, 17.0%). The number of ACF peaked at 15 to 20 weeks. The ratio of NC/FC ACF increased gradually during carcinogenesis. The expression of both UEA1 and PNA was higher in NC ACF than FC ACF. Lectin expression increased in the late stage compared with the early stage.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>The expression of lectin was higher in NC ACF and ACF in the late stage. Therefore, ACF with higher multiplicities in the late stage may have more malignant potential in DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis.</P>

Various cubic-based polymorphic phase boundary structures in (1-y)(Na_0.5K_0.5)(Nb_1-xSb_x)-yCaTiO₃ ceramics and their piezoelectric properties

Lee, Tae-Gon,Cho, Sung-Hoon,Kim, Dae-Hyeon,Hwang, Hyun-Gyu,Lee, Ku-Tak,Hong, Chang-Hyo,Hong, Youn-Woo,Chae, Keun Hwa,Choi, Ji-Won,Kim, Jeong-Seog,Nahm, Sahn Elsevier 2019 Journal of the European Ceramic Society Vol.39 No.4

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>CuO-added (1-y)(Na<SUB>0.5</SUB>K<SUB>0.5</SUB>)(Nb<SUB>1-x</SUB>Sb<SUB>x</SUB>)-yCaTiO<SUB>3</SUB> ceramics with 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1 and 0.04 ≤ y ≤ 0.055 were sintered at 970 °C. Various cubic-based polymorphic-phase-boundary (PPB) structures were formed: orthorhombic-tetragonal-cubic, and tetragonal-cubic PPB structures. The crystal structure of the specimens near Curie temperature is a mixture of <I>Pm3m</I> cubic and <I>P4mm</I> tetragonal structures and these ceramics showed ferroelectric properties. A schematic phase diagram of these ceramics has been suggested. The piezoelectric properties of these specimens were influenced by their crystal structure. All the specimens are expected to have good fatigue properties. In particular, the specimen with a tetragonal-cubic PPB structure (x = 0.04 and y = 0.045) has a large <I>d<SUB>33</SUB> </I> of 338 pC/N and a high strain of 0.17% at 4.5 kV/mm. This specimen has good temperature stability; a <I>d<SUB>33</SUB> </I> value of 300 pC/N and strain of approximately 0.12% were obtained at 175 °C, indicating that this specimen is a good candidate for use as a piezoelectric multilayer actuator.</P>

Analysis of dynamic interaction between catenary and pantograph with experimental verification and performance evaluation in new high-speed line

Lee, Jin Hee,Park, Tae Won,Oh, Hyuck Keun,Kim, Young Guk Swets and Zeitlinger 2015 Vehicle system dynamics Vol.53 No.8

<P> Understanding the dynamic interaction between the catenary and pantograph of a high-speed train is the one of the most important technical issues in the railway industry. This is because the catenary-pantograph system plays a crucial role in providing electric power to the railway vehicle for stable operation. The aim of the present paper is to estimate the current-collection performance of this system by using numerical analysis, in particular, the flexible multibody dynamic analysis technique. To implement large deformable catenary wires, an absolute nodal coordinate formulation is used for the cable element. Additionally, an efficient contact element and an interactive model for the catenary-pantograph system are introduced. Each developed model is then used for analytical and experimental verification. Actual on-line test results of existing high-speed railway vehicles are presented and used to verify the analysis model. Finally, the performance characteristics of a new 400 km/h-class high-speed line are estimated and evaluated on the basis of international standards. </P>

GUIDELINE : Severe influenza treatment guideline

( Won Suk Choi ),( Ji Hyeon Baek ),( Yu Bin Seo ),( Sae Yoon Kee ),( Hye Won Jeong ),( Hee Young Lee ),( Byung Wook Eun ),( Eun Ju Choo ),( Ja Cob Lee ),( Young Keun Kim ),( Joon Young Song ),( Seong 대한내과학회 2014 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.29 No.1

Deletion mutation of BRAF in a serrated adenoma from a patient with familial adenomatous polyposis

LEE, EUI JIN,PARK, CHEOL KEUN,KIM, JONG-WON,CHANG, DONG KYUNG,KIM, KYOUNG-MEE Wiley-Blackwell Munksgaard 2007 APMIS Vol. No.

<P>BRAF gene mutations in the colorectum have been associated with serrated adenomas and less frequently with hyperplastic polyps, villous adenomas, tubular adenomas, and carcinomas. Most BRAF mutations in the colon have been reported as a V600E substitution. We report a case with a very rare deletion mutation of BRAF (c.1799-1801delTGA, p.Val600_Lys601delinsGlu) in a serrated adenoma; the patient has familial adenomatous polyposis with a germline mutation of the APC gene (c.3578delA, p.Gln1193ArgfsX1264). Genetic studies on fundic gland polyps and tubular adenomas from the same patient failed to demonstrate BRAF mutation. This case is the first reported with a deletion mutation of BRAF found in the colon.</P>