『리용악시선집』 재수록 작품의 개작과 그 의미

이경수(Lee Kyungsoo) 한국근대문학회 2012 한국근대문학연구 Vol.13 No.1

Selection of Lee Yong-ak's Poems, which has been discussed to represent the poet's poetic world after his crossing over into North Korea, was published in 1957 by Publishing Company of Joseon Writers' Alliance. It contains his old works and some works selected from his four collections of poems published previously as well as his new works after his crossing over into North Korea. It has total 38 poems republished, and 36 of them had form and content adapted for the occasion. It is important to examine the meanings of the adaptations in order to understand the poet's activities of poetry writing after his crossing over into North Korea. The purpose of this study was thus to investigate the adaptation patterns and meanings of the works republished in Selection of Lee Yong-ak's Poems of 1957. There are two groups of works in the selection; one is comprised of works from his previous collections of poems, and the other contains the remaining works. In the study, the investigator set out to closely examine the selection criteria of republished ones and the degree and significance of adaptation in adapted works. There are a couple of criteria to select works to be republished in Selection of Lee Yong-ak's Poems: first, his representative works were the first choices along with the ones whose completion level was high; secondly, the ones from his two collections of poems published after Liberation(Violets and Collection of Lee Yong-ak's Poems) were more preferred choices than those from his two collections of poems published in the latter half of the 1930(The Watershed and The Old House); and finally, of his works from the late period of Japanese ruling, the ones that were sentimental, dark, or exhibited anxious mentality were excluded. In Selection of Lee Yong-ak's Poems, poetic forms were adapted by altering the stanza composition and line changes. As a result, the ones whose line changes were uneven in his previous collections became overall even in the selection. In addition, the number of lines in a stanza became even among the works. After those adaptations, the works settled in a more visually stable structure and delivered acoustic rhythms that were more stable and easier to remember during recitation. Those adaptations of poetic forms with rhythms under consideration seem to have been influenced by the discussions about "metrics" among the North Korean poetical circles from the late 1950s to the early 1960s. In the selection, the adaptations of poetic content widely varied in pattern from changing postpositions and endings of words to greatly revising the content. Significant adaptations were found in the following cases: first, such phrases as could feel decadent or sentimental were revised or removed; secondly, the real names of literary figures were replaced by noncommittal expressions or removed; thirdly, tone changes were prominent. In the adapted poems, tones of ordering or requesting became more prevalent, and tones of asking were replaced with declarative ones in many cases; and finally, unnecessary expressions were omitted in the adapted poems, which seems to have been a strategy of attracting popularity. Those content adaptations must have been under the influence of North Korea's directions and keynotes in art and literature policies demanded during the restoration and construction period after war. 월북 이후 이용악의 시세계를 대표하는 것으로 논의되어 온 『리용악시선집』은 1957년 조선작가동맹출판사에서 출간되었는데, 월북 이후 새롭게 쓴 작품들 외에도 이전에 쓴 시와 앞서 출간된 네 권의 시집에 수록된 시들을 선별해 재수록하고 있다. 총 38편의 재수록 시 중 36편에서 시 형식 및 내용상의 개작이 발견되므로, 월북 이후 이용악의 시작 활동을 살펴보기 위해서는 이러한 개작이 지니는 의미를 밝히는 작업이 요청된다. 이 논문은 1957년에 출간된 『리용악시선집』에 재수록된 작품의 개작의 양상과 의미를 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 『리용악시선집』수록 작품의 경우에는 이전의 시집에 수록된 작품을 재수록한 경우와 나머지 경우로 나누어 볼 수 있는데, 이 논문에서는 재수록된 작품들을 대상으로 재수록 시의 선별 기준과 개작 여부 및 정도를 면밀히 살펴보고 그 의미를 밝히고자 했다. 『리용악시선집』 재수록 작품을 선별한 기준은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대표작 및 완성도가 높은 작품을 우선 선정했다. 둘째, 1930년대 후반에 출간된 두 권의 시집(『분수령』, 『낡은 집』)에 수록된 작품들보다는 해방 이후 출간된 두 권의 시집(『오랑캐꽃』, 『이용악집』) 수록시를 선호했다. 셋째, 일제 말기 작품들 중 감상적이거나 어둡고 불안한 심리를 드러낸 작품은 제외했다. 연 구성을 달리하거나 행갈이를 수정하는 등의 시 형식의 개작이 나타난 경우, 이전의 시집에 수록된 시들에서 들쭉날쭉하던 행갈이가 『리용악시선집』 재수록 시에 와서 대체로 고르게 변화된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 한 연을 구성하는 행의 개수도 대체로 비슷하게 수정하는 방향으로 개작이 이루어졌다. 따라서 시각적으로 한결 안정된 구조를 취하게 됨은 물론이고, 시를 낭송했을 때 청각적으로 느껴지는 리듬 또한 좀 더 기억하기 쉬운 안정감 있는 형태를 띠게 된다. 리듬을 고려한 시 형식의 개작은 1950년대 후반에서 1960년대 초반까지 북한 시단에서 이루어진 '운률론'에 대한 논의에서도 영향을 받은 것으로 보인다. 시 내용의 개작은 작게는 조사 및 어미로부터 크게는 내용을 대폭 수정하는 데 이르기까지 다양한 유형으로 나타나는데, 그 중에서도 의미 있는 개작으로 판단되는 경우는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 퇴폐적이거나 감상적으로 느껴질 만한 구절을 수정하거나 삭제했다. 둘째, 문인들의 실명이 거론된 경우 두루뭉술한 표현으로 교체하거나 실명을 삭제했다. 셋째, 어조변화가 눈에 띄는데, 개작된 시에서 명령형이나 청유형의 어조가 좀 더두드러지는 방향으로 수정이 이루어졌고, 그밖에도 의문형의 어조를 평서형으로 수정한 경우도 여러 차례 눈에 띄었다. 넷째, 개작된 시에서 불필요한 군더더기 표현은 생략되었다. 이는 대중성 확보를 위한 전략으로 보인다. 이러한 내용상의 개작에는 전후복구건설기에 요구된 북한 문예정책의 방향과 기조가 영향을 미친 것으로 보인다.

D-UPFC Application as the Series Power Device in the Massive Roof-top PVs and Domestic Loads

Kyungsoo Lee 한국태양광발전학회 2016 Current Photovoltaic Research Vol.4 No.4

This paper shows the series power device in the massive roof-top PVs and domestic loads. D-UPFC as the series power device controls the distribution voltage during voltage rise (or fall) condition. D-UPFC consists of the bi-directional ac-ac converter and the transformer. In order to verify the D-UPFC voltage control, the distribution model is used in the case study. D-UPFC enables the voltage control in the distribution voltage range. Dynamic voltage control from voltage rise and voltage fall conditions is performed. Scaled-down experimental test of the D-UPFC is verified the voltage control and it is well performed without high voltage spikes in the inductive load.

MET Exon 14 Skipping Mutations in Lung Adenocarcinoma: Clinicopathologic Implications and Prognostic Values

Lee, Geun Dong,Lee, Seung Eun,Oh, Doo-Yi,Yu, Dan-bi,Jeong, Hae Min,Kim, Jooseok,Hong, Sungyoul,Jung, Hun Soon,Oh, Ensel,Song, Ji-Young,Lee, Mi-Sook,Kim, Mingi,Jung, Kyungsoo,Kim, Jhingook,Shin, Young LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS 2017 JOURNAL OF THORACIC ONCOLOGY Vol.12 No.8

IEC International Standards Analysis of Photovoltaic System

Kyungsoo Lee(이경수) 한국태양에너지학회 2018 한국태양에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.11

D-UPFC Application as the Series Power Device in the Massive Roof-top PVs and Domestic Loads

Lee, Kyungsoo Korea Photovoltaic Society 2016 Current Photovoltaic Research Vol.4 No.4

This paper shows the series power device in the massive roof-top PVs and domestic loads. D-UPFC as the series power device controls the distribution voltage during voltage rise (or fall) condition. D-UPFC consists of the bi-directional ac-ac converter and the transformer. In order to verify the D-UPFC voltage control, the distribution model is used in the case study. D-UPFC enables the voltage control in the distribution voltage range. Dynamic voltage control from voltage rise and voltage fall conditions is performed. Scaled-down experimental test of the D-UPFC is verified the voltage control and it is well performed without high voltage spikes in the inductive load.

Biosynthesis of Styrene in Escherichia coli and its Quantification

Kyungsoo LEE,Hyun Bae BANG,Seung Hee HAN,Ki Jun JEONG 한국생물공학회 2017 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.10

Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Kyungsoo Lee,Ho Chul Song,Euy Jin Choi,Chi-Un Pae,Yong Kyun Kim 대한정신약물학회 2019 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.17 No.2

Objective: Posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED), a subgroup of an adjustment disorder, is a feeling with anger and helplessness. Hemodialysis may be a trigger event leading to PTED. We investigated the prevalence of PTED in patients with each categorized stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the association between PTED and depression and functional impairment. Methods: Patients were categorized into three groups according to the stages of CKD (stage I-II, III-IV, and V). CKD (I-II) group was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >60 ml/min/1.73 m2, CKD (III-IV) group as eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, and CKD (V) group as CKD stage V including patients ongoing hemodialysis. Patients were assessed for the prevalence of PTED, depression, and decreased quality of life by using the scale of PTED, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and EuroQol Five Dimensional Questionnaires, Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-5D-VAS), respectively. Results: A total of 445 patients were analyzed. The number of patients in CKD (I-II) was 166, CKD (III-IV) was 172, and CKD (V) was 107. Multivariate analysis by binomial logistic regression demonstrated that CKD (V) was significantly associated with the prevalence of PTED (odds ratio, 4.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.56-15.6; p =0.006) after adjustment for age, gender, and diabetes mellitus. Also, a significant correlation existed between PTED and EQ-5D-VAS in all stages, but the correlation was nonsignificant between PTED and PHQ-9 score in group CKD (V). Conclusion: The findings suggest that PTED is underdiagnosed in CKD patients. Acknowledgment and diagnosis of PTED in CKD patients may lead to a better quality of life.

Pulse Push/Pull Hemodialysis: In Vitro Study on New Dialysis Modality With Higher Convective Efficiency

Lee, Kyungsoo,Lee, Sa Ram,Mun, Cho Hae,Min, Byoung Goo Blackwell Publishing Inc 2008 Artificial Organs Vol.32 No.5

<P>Abstract: </P><P>Midsize molecule retention is related with renal-failure-associated mortality. Here, the authors describe a new dialysis modality, pulse push/pull hemodialysis (PPPHD), which increases convective clearance. Blood and dialysate are circulated by a pulsatile pump, but with pulsatile flow patterns that are 180° out of phase. This causes blood-to-dialysate pressure gradients that oscillate between positive and negative, and which cause consecutive periods of ultrafiltration and backfiltration. The devised PPPHD was compared with conventional high-flux hemodialysis (CHFHD) in terms of solute clearances, albumin loss, and total protein levels. Human plasma containing dissolved uremic marker molecules was used as a blood substitute, and clearances were investigated for blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, vitamin B12, and inulin. Observed clearances were found to be significantly higher for PPPHD by approximately 3–14% for low-molecular-weight solutes, by 47–48% for vitamin B12, and by 38–49% for inulin than for CHFHD. No albumin loss was observed in either of these two study groups. The authors conclude that PPPHD offers a simple straightforward means of enhancing uremic molecule removal by increasing total ultrafiltration volume without the need to infuse replacement fluid.</P>

Case study of distrubution-unified power flow controller (D-UPFC) in the clustered PV system

Kyungsoo Lee,Kenichiro Yamaguchi,Kosuke Kurokawa 전력전자학회 2007 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.- No.-

This paper shows the case study of D-UPFC in the clustered PV system. D-UPFC mainly controls distribution voltage and thus, it is installed in the low-voltage distribution system connects with clustered PV system. Proposed D-UPFC topology is shown and compared with existing topology. The proposed topology can decrease the transformer capacity compared with existing topology. In the case study, voltage control and dynamic characteristic of D-UPFC are analyzed. Forward power flow, reverse power flow, and load power factor change conditions are simulated using ATP-EMTP tool.

Contention-based Channel Selection Algorithm in IEEE 802.11 WLAN

Kyungsoo Kim(김경수),Hyoungjoo Lee,Junsu Choi,Wonjoon Cho,Junho Kwak,Donghyuk Gwak,Kwang Bok Lee 한국통신학회 2012 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2012 No.2