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A K-Band Low-Power Miniaturized Hyperthermia System
Dongki Kim,Kihyun Kim,Jungmin Oh,Youngrak Park,Youngwoo Kwon 한국전자파학회JEES 2009 Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science Vol.9 No.4
A K-band low-power miniaturized planar-type hyperthermia system was developed to replace massive and expensive equipment. The system consists of a VCO with a buffer amplifier, a high-power amplifier module, a 20-㏈-coupled line coupler, a chip circulator and two power detectors for signal generation, amplification and power monitoring. All these components have been implemented in planar form on two module blocks. The total size of the hyperthermia system was less than 10×6.5×3 ㎤. In order to verify the system performance, ablations were carried out on nude mice xenografted with human breast cancer. Ablation results show performance comparable to the massive components-based system. This work shows the feasibility of a low-cost miniaturized hyperthermia system for practical clinical applications.
게임 속 PPL의 효과에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구
김영락(Youngrak Kim),조윤곤(Youngon Cho),최귀영(Gui-young Choi) 한국멀티미디어학회 2010 멀티미디어학회논문지 Vol.13 No.8
본 연구는 상당히 활발히 이루어지고 있는 게임에서의 PPL 현실에 비해 그 효과를 다룬 연구들이 많이 수행되지 못한 현실을 고려하여, 게임 속 PPL에 효과에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관하여 연구를 수행하였으며, 구체적으로는 게임의 장르와 게이머의 게임 숙련도에 따라 게임 속에서 PPL 브랜드의 인지도와 선호도에 미치는 영향력이 어떻게 나타나는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 게임의 장르는 크게 역동적인 게임과 정적인 게임으로 분류하여 분석하였으며, 구체적으로는 역동적인 게임으로 레이싱게임인 포르자모터스포츠를 대상으로 하였으며, 정적인 게임으로는 보드게임인 숨은그림찾기를 대상으로 하였다. 게임의 숙련도는 높음과 낮음으로 분류하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과 화면의 변화가 심한 역동적인 레이싱 게임에 비해 정적인 게임 진행방식을 갖고 있는 보드게임에 삽입된 PPL 브랜드에 더 큰 효과를 나타낼 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 그리고 레이싱 게임과 보드 게임에서 모두 게임의 숙련도가 더 높은 사람에게 PPL 효과가 더 있는 것으로 분석되었다. The game has been rapidly evolving through various media such as computer, console game machine, cellular phone and PMP based on the advanced development of scientific technology. In terms of demand, the interest in and desire to consume the game as a way of spending people's spare time have been on the increase constantly while the level of income has been improved. Eventually, the game has gradually expanded its scope of supply and demand, has established its own status as one of the media that is scientifically-intensive and has been developed into a game industry, a large-scale industry. Unlike image media, the methods of exposure in PPL are varied in accordance with the genre of games. This study divides the causes that have influence over the effect of PPL in the game into the genre of game and the skill of gamer. The results of the experiment on how much the aforementioned two elements have influence over the effect of PPL are as in the following: It has been demonstrated that the effect of PPL could appear different according to the genre of game and the skill of gamer on the game. Besides, the genre of game that is dynamic in its screen change in the game has relatively lower effect of PPL than that is not dynamic. Meanwhile, the persons who are highly skilled in the game have higher degree of recognition and preference to the inserted PPL than those who are lowly skilled. In this regard, it has given us a theoretical ground that the fees system for PPL ads should be established variously in accordance with the genre of game and the level of online game users.
Efficient simultaneous production of biodiesel and glycerol carbonate via statistical optimization
Lee, Youngrak,Lee, Ja Hyun,Yang, Ho Jin,Jang, Min,Kim, Jung Rae,Byun, Eui-Hong,Lee, Jinwon,Na, Jeong-Geol,Kim, Seung Wook,Park, Chulhwan THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING 2017 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY -S Vol.51 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The purpose of this study was to simultaneously produce biodiesel and glycerol carbonate. Glycerol carbonate is a high-value material that could be obtained from glycerol. Response surface methodology was used to perform optimization of simultaneous enzymatic production of biodiesel and glycerol carbonate. Independent factors for optimization of simultaneous enzymatic production included enzyme concentration, a molar ratio of dimethyl carbonate to soybean oil, and reaction temperature. The levels of satisfaction with the production reaction model for biodiesel and glycerol carbonate were high, 0.994 and 1, respectively. The optimum condition for simultaneous production was 116.76g/L enzyme concentration, 9.27:1 molar ratio, and 52.56°C reaction temperature. Under the optimum condition, biodiesel 96.3% and glycerol carbonate 99.7% were produced at the same time.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Biodiesel and glycerol carbonate were simultaneously produced by the enzymatic process. </LI> <LI> RSM was used to optimize the production of biodiesel and glycerol carbonate. </LI> <LI> The optimum condition was 116.76g/L enzyme concentration, 9.27:1 molar ratio, and 52.56°C reaction temperature. </LI> <LI> Optimum production of biodiesel (96.3%) and glycerol carbonate (99.7%) yield was achieved. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Lee, Youngrak,Kim, Sung Bong,Lee, Taek,Jang, Min,Shin, Ashley,Park, Si Jae,Kim, Jung Rae,Choi, Yoon-E,Na, Jeong-Geol,Park, Chulhwan Elsevier 2019 JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION Vol.218 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A solvent-free co-production process for biodiesel and glycerol carbonate (GC) was developed based on enzyme (Novozyme 435). Glycerol obtained from transesterification reactions could be directly converted to GC. The reactions were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) separately. The optimal factors, which are enzyme loading, molar ratio of dimethyl carbonate to soybean oil, water content, and reaction temperature, were derived from the response optimizer. The results of optimization for biodiesel and GC production were re-analyzed by overlapping the contour plots of the factors. The following were the optima obtained: enzyme loading of 25 g/L, molar ratio of 15:1, water content of 0.082% (v/v), and reaction temperature of 59.65 °C. When the co-production of biodiesel and GC was conducted using the optima, biodiesel and GC production were achieved with conversions of 97.6% and 95.5%, respectively.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Solvent-free production of biodiesel and glycerol carbonate (GC) was developed. </LI> <LI> Statistical analysis enabled process optimization. </LI> <LI> Biodiesel and GC were achieved with 97.6% and 95.5% conversion, respectively. </LI> </UL> </P>
Can Preoperative 3D Printing Change Surgeon's Operative Plan for Distal Tibia Fracture?
Kang, Hwa Jun,Kim, Bom Soo,Kim, Seung Min,Kim, Yu Mi,Kim, Hyong Nyun,Park, Jae Yong,Cho, Jae Ho,Choi, Youngrak Hindawi 2019 BioMed research international Vol.2019 No.-
<P>This study aimed to determine if 3D printing can affect surgeon's selection of plate for distal tibia fracture surgery and to find out whether orthopedic surgeons consider this technology necessary and would use it in their practice. A total of 102 orthopedic surgeons were asked to choose anatomically contoured locking plates among 5 most commonly used types for one simple and one complex distal tibia fracture based on X-ray and CT images. Next, they were provided real-size 3D printed models of the same fractures, allowed to apply each of the 5 plates to these models, and asked if they would change their choice of plate. A 10-point numeric rating scale was provided to measure the extent of the help that 3D printing provided on preoperative planning. Finally, we asked the surgeons if they would use 3D printing in their practice. Seventy-four percent of inexperienced surgeons changed their selection of plate after using 3D printed models for the complex fracture. In contrast, only 9% of experienced surgeons changed their selection of plate for the simple fracture. Surgeons rated the extent of usefulness of the 3D models in preoperative planning as a mean of 4.84 ± 2.54 points for the simple fracture and 6.63 ± 2.54 points for the complex fracture. The difference was significant (p < 0.001). Eighty-six percent of inexperienced surgeons wanted to use 3D models for complex fractures. However, only 18% of experienced surgeons wanted to use 3D printed models for simple fractures. The use of a real-size 3D-printed model often changed surgeon's preoperative selection of locking plates, especially when inexperienced surgeons evaluated a complex fracture. However, experienced surgeons did not find 3D models very useful when assessing simple fractures. Future applications of 3D models should focus on training beginners in fracture surgery, especially when complex fractures are concerned.</P>