Evaluation of Renal Toxicity by Combination Exposure to Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Son, Ji Yeon,Kang, Yoon Jong,Kim, Kyeong Seok,Kim, Tae Hyung,Lim, Sung Kwang,Lim, Hyun Jung,Jeong, Tae Cheon,Choi, Dal Woong,Chung, Kyu Hyuck,Lee, Byung Mu,Kim, Hyung Sik Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.2

Melamine-induced nephrotoxicity is closely associated with crystal formation in the kidney caused by combined exposure to melamine (Mel) and cyanuric acid (CA). However, there are few dosage-finding studies for toxicological evaluation of chronic co-exposure to Mel and CA. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible mechanism by which a Mel and CA mixture lead to renal toxicity in rats. Mel and CA were co-administered to rats via oral gavage for 50 days. Nephrotoxicity was determined by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) levels. Relative kidney weights were significantly increased in rats after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) mixtures. BUN and sCr levels were significantly increased after Mel and CA co-exposure. Taken together, significant increase in KIM-1, NGAL, and calbindin levels were observed in the urine of rats exposed to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) compared with the corresponding control group. Histological analysis revealed epithelial degeneration and necrotic cell death in the proximal tubules of the kidney after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg). Our data suggest that Mel-mediated renal toxicity may be influenced by CA concentrations in Mel-contaminated milk or foods.

Evaluation of Renal Toxicity by Combination Exposure to Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Ji Yeon Son,Yoon Jong Kang,Kyeong Seok Kim,Tae Hyung Kim,Sung Kwang Lim,Hyun Jung Lim,Tae Cheon Jeong,Dal Woong Choi,Kyu Hyuck Chung,Byung Mu Lee,Hyung Sik Kim 한국독성학회 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.2

Melamine-induced nephrotoxicity is closely associated with crystal formation in the kidney caused by combined exposure to melamine (Mel) and cyanuric acid (CA). However, there are few dosage-finding studies for toxicological evaluation of chronic co-exposure to Mel and CA. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible mechanism by which a Mel and CA mixture lead to renal toxicity in rats. Mel and CA were co-administered to rats via oral gavage for 50 days. Nephrotoxicity was determined by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) levels. Relative kidney weights were significantly increased in rats after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) mixtures. BUN and sCr levels were significantly increased after Mel and CA co-exposure. Taken together, significant increase in KIM-1, NGAL, and calbindin levels were observed in the urine of rats exposed to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) compared with the corresponding control group. Histological analysis revealed epithelial degeneration and necrotic cell death in the proximal tubules of the kidney after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg). Our data suggest that Mel-mediated renal toxicity may be influenced by CA concentrations in Mel-contaminated milk or foods.

Original Article : Evaluation of Renal Toxicity by Combination Exposure to Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

( Ji Yeon Son ),( Yoon Jong Kang ),( Kyeong Seok Kim ),( Tae Hyung Kim ),( Sung Kwang Lim ),( Hyun Jung Lim ),( Tae Cheon Jeong ),( Dal Woong Choi ),( Kyu Hyuck Chung ),( Byung Mu Lee ),( Hyung Sik Ki 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 2014 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 연구업적집 Vol.24 No.0

Melamine-induced nephrotoxicity is closely associated with crystal formation in the kidney caused by combined exposure to melamine (Mel) and cyanuric acid (CA). However, there are few dosage-finding studies for toxicological evaluation of chronic co-exposure to Mel and CA. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible mechanism by which a Mel and CA mixture lead to renal toxicity in rats. Mel and CA were co-administered to rats via oral gavage for 50 days. Nephrotoxicity was determined by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) levels. Relative kidney weights were significantly increased in rats after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) mixtures. BUN and sCr levels were significantly increased after Mel and CA co-exposure. Taken together, significant increase in KIM-1, NGAL, and calbindin levels were observed in the urine of rats exposed to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) compared with the corresponding control group. Histological analysis revealed epithelial degeneration and necrotic cell death in the proximal tubules of the kidney after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg). Our data suggest that Mel-mediated renal toxicity may be influenced by CA concentrations in Mel-contaminated milk or foods.

요추부 유합 후 인접분절 각운동의 변화

김홍태,박봉훈,천동욱,김형표,정재호 대한척추외과학회 1995 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.2 No.1

A lumbar fusion may influence biomechanically on the remained unfused segments to take over the lost motions. The adjacent segments to fusion particulatly will experience an additional motional stress following a fusion, and then various late complications can occur. Moreover, the amount of this stress may differ according to the levels and extents of the fusions. The aim of this study is to evalu- ate this motional stress in different levels of fusion. A retrospective review of flexion and extension lateral radiograghs was undertaken for 142 consec- utive patients who had undergone various fusions in the lumbar region. Included in this study were the patients who had performed active daily livings after surgery and followed for minimum of two years. They were 60 males and 82 females, having mean age of 46.7(range 14-72). There were three posterior fusions, 123 lateral fusions, and 16 interbody fusions. The extent of fusions were one seg- ment in 71, two segments in 53, three segments in 16, and four segments in two patients. The follow- up period was 53 months in average(range 2-15 years). The intervertebral angles were measured on the flexion/extension lateral radiographs, and then the calculated intervertebral angular motions at follow-up periods were compared with those of preoperative values. The average increases of angular motion at the adjacent segments to fusions were 2.3˚at L1-2 seg- ment(ranging 0˚to 5˚increase),2.5˚at L2-3 segment(ranging 1˚decrease to 8˚increase), 2.9˚at L3-4 segment (ranging 3˚decrease to 12˚increase), 6.7˚at L4-5 segment(ranging 2˚to 18˚ increase), and 1.5˚at L5-S1 segment(ranging 5˚decrease to 7˚increase). The average increases of the above and below adjacent segments to fusions were 3.3˚(ranging 3˚decrease to 18˚increase) and 1.7˚(ranging 5˚decrease to 12˚increase) respectively. There were no significant differences in the changes of angular motion according to the extents of fusion and during these follow-up periods. In conclusion, the angular motions at the adjacent segment to fusions increased most signficantly at L4-5 segment regardless of the fusion sites whether it is below or above a fusion. Excluding the L4-5 segment, the angular motions at the above adjacent segments to fusion increased significantly compared to those at the below adjacent segments. The late complications at adjacent segments to lumbar fusions are expected to appear preferably at these segments.

LRFD 설계법에 의한 강박스거더 합성형교 설계 프로그램

김천용,권태형,이창열,신동구 明知大學校 産業技術硏究所 2006 産業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.25 No.-

A C++ based computer program for the design of composite steel-concrete box girder by the LRFD method is developed. The program consists of a main program, a header program, and 16 function programs. The load analysis for live and dead loads is performed by using the influence line based on the 3-moment method. For the design of box girder, strength limit states, fatigue limit state, and service limit state are considered. In addition, the constructibility of the girder is also checked. The validity of the program is demonstrated by comparing the design result for 3-span continuous box girder by the present program with the one by hand-calculation.

광주광역시 근대건축물의 건축적 특성에 관한 조사연구 : 현존 근대건축물을 중심으로 Focused on the remained modern architecture

김진안,탁형수,천득염 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.19 No.11

The existing studies about buildings during modern period, from the Japanese annexation of Korea to the Liberation, are limited around Seoul and major port cities like In-chon and Pu-san. It has to be made sure that architectural development of circumstance at a small or middle-scale city should be simultaneously examined. The purpose of this study is that the materials, which could historically prosepect architectural activities of the times, should be sorted out by examining and discovering modern buildings before they are destroyed, and the opportunity to newie regards modern buildings as a cultural heritage should be constituted.

Cytokine interleukin-1β로 誘發된 糖尿病 마우스의 膵臟 glucokinase 및 hexokinase 活性에 對한 五倍子의 效果에 關한 硏究

최형일,정지천,김철호 동국대학교 한의학연구소 1998 東國韓醫學硏究所論文集 Vol.7 No.1

Glucokinase와 hexokinase는 간과 췌장에서 인슐린에 의해 혈당이용을 증대시키며 혈당농도를 감지하여 인슐린 분비를 조절하는 효소로서 인슐린비의존성당뇨병(NIDDM)의 병인과 밀접한 관계가 있는 효소이다. Cytokine의 일종인 interleukin-1β (IL-1β)는 췌장 도세포에서의 인슐린 분비와 β-cell에 대한 세포 독성을 효과적으로 조절하여 장기간 노출시키면 인슐린 분비와 생합성을 저해하며 β-cell을 파괴하여 β-cell의 기능적, 구조적 손상을 초래하여 IDDM을 유발한다. 본 연구에서는 당뇨병 치료의 전통한방약제로서 사용되고 있는 五倍子추출물의 효과를 해명하기 위하여 IL-1β유발 실험적 당뇨마우스의 glucokinase와 hexokinase의 활성을 검토한 결과, lL-1β주사에 의해 체중과 공복시의 glucose 및 insulin 분비가 증가되었으나, 五倍子투여로 공복시의 insulin분비가 감소하였으며 체중과 공복시의 혈당은 유의성은 없었으나 대조군에 비하여 감소하였다. 그러나, 혈당수치가 정상군에 비하여 현저하게 증가되었으나 五倍子투여로 현저히 감소하였으며 Insulin치의 상승과 분비지연도 五倍子투여군에서는 정상군과 유사한 경향을 보였다. 한편, 혈중 glucokinase와 hexokinase의 활성은 IL-1β주사에 의해 현저히 감소되었으나, 五倍子 투여로 유의성 있게 상승되었다. 이상의 결과로, 五倍子는 IL-1β로 유발된 실험적 당뇨병에서 포도당인산화 효소인 glucokinase와 hexokinase의 활성을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. We investigated the in vivo effect of an aquous extract from Rhois Galla (R-G) on glucokinase and hexokinase activities of diabetes mellitus induced by interleukin-β (IL-1β). After 1 week of alloxan injection, the levels of serum glucose and insulin secretion were dramatically increased, however, the insulin secretion was decreased with administration of R-G, IL-1β injection allowed the scrum glucose level increased and the level was decreased by R-G administration. Furthermore, we could observe that R-G was effective in recovering the levels of insulin secretion. Enzyme activities of the gtucokinase and hexokinase were decreased by IL-1β treatment. In contrast, R-G administration to the mice allowed proportion increasing. Seemingly, when IL-1β was injected to the mice, enzyme activities of the glucokinase and hexokinase were decreased. But, R-G stimulated induction of enzyme activities of the glucokinase and hexokinase as high as normal group. These results suggested that R-G is highly effective in treatment of diabetes mellitus.

FEM에 의한 차체구조용 단일모자형 단면부재의 축압궤특성에 관한 연구

차천석,황창숙,백경윤,김기형,양인영 朝鮮大學校 機械技術硏究所 2002 機械技術硏究 Vol.5 No.1

차체전면부 사이드부재는 점용접에 의해서 이루어진 모자형 단면형상을 갖는 강도부재로써, 차량의 전면충돌에 있어서 중요한 역할을 한다. 전면충돌에 있어서 차량의 전면부에서 충분한 에너지를 흡수한다면, 승차자에게 가해지는 충격에너지를 경감시킬 수 있다. 따라서, 이러한 강도부재는 충분한 강성을 가져야 하지만, 적절한 압궤 또한 이루어져야 한다. 본 연구에서는 단일모자형 단면부재에 대하여 플랜지부 점용접 간격을 변화시켜 준정적(0.017m/sec) 및 충격합궤(7.19m.sec, 1034J)하에서 압궤특성을 해석하고자 유한요소 프로그램인 LS-DYNA3D을 이용하여 준정적 및 충격압궤 시뮬레이션을 행하였다. 시뮬레이션은 압궤실험 결과와 비교함으로서 시뮬레이션의 타당성을 학인하였다. The hat shaped section members of vehicles compose the base frame which plays an important role in a front-end collision. It consists of the hat shaped section members with spot welds. In front-end collision, the impact energy for the passengers will be decreased as the front parts of vehicles has sufficiently absorbed energy. And then, this structures have not to be very stiff but collapse progressively to absorb the kinetic energy as expected. In this study. LS-DYNA3D has been used for analyzing collapse characteristics on hat shaped section members with respect to spot weld pitches under quasi-static(0.017m/sec) and impact load(7.19m/sec. 1034J). By comparing the results from simulation and the experimental results. the utilization fo simulation has been certified.

모자형단면 점용접부재의 축압궤특성에 관한 실험적 연구

차천석,김영남,심재기,김기형,양인영 朝鮮大學校 機械技術硏究所 2002 機械技術硏究 Vol.5 No.1

차량 전면충돌시 에너지흡수량이 가장 큰 차량전면부 사이드부재의 기본형상인 점용접된 단일모자형 단면부재에 대하여, 정적(0.00017m/sec), 준정적(0.017m/sec) 축방향 압궤실험을 행하였다. 이를 기초로 자체 제작한 수직식 공기압 충격실험장치를 이용하여 실제 차량이 충돌하는 것을 상정하여 충격속도 7.19m/sec(충격에너지 1034J)하에서 형상의 변화 및 폭비와 플랜지 용접간격의 변화에 따른 압궤특성을 고찰하여, 최적의 에너지 흡수성능을 갖는 구조부재에 대하여 검토하였다. The fundamentally and widely used spot welded sections of automobiles(hat and double hat shaped section members) absorb most of the energy in a front-end collision. The sections were tested on axial static(0.00017m/sec) and -quasi-staic(0.017m/sec) loads. Based on these test results, spcimens with various thicknesses, width ratios and spot weld pitches on the flange have been tested with high impact velocity(7.19m/sec 1034J) which imitate a real life car arash Characteristics of collapse have been reviewed and structures of optimal energy absorbing capacity is suggested.

蛋白質 水準 및 供給源이 泌乳初期搾乳牛의 産乳量에 미치는 影響

辛炯泰,韓泳根,金秉泰,裵熙東,孫重天 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1984 論文集 Vol.35 No.2

Eighteen Holstein cows capable of producing at least 23㎏ of milk per day were assigned randomly in equal numbers and fed one of three isocaloric total rations of 15.8 (soybean meal), 15.8 (urea), or 14.1% (urea) crude protein in dry basis. All cows were fed their assigned ration continuously for 63 days beginning on the 20 day postpartum. This experiment was designed to determine the influence of concentration and source of dietary protein on milk production(kg) and milk fat(%) during early lactation. The results which were obtained in this experiment as follows: 1. Milk yields (4.0% fat corrected milk, FCM) of cows for 42 day trial in early lactation were 23.80, 20.32, 18.44kg for the respective treatment. In this experiment the higher protein concentration (15.8% vs 14.1%) increased milk production, and source of protein influenced milk production. 2. Milk fat of 3.63, 3.52, and 3.39% showed that dietary protein concentration and source influenced milk fat in early lactating cows. 3. Income above feed cost for 42 day trial was greatest for the group fed the 15.8% crude protein from soybean meal (5,406 won/cow/day) and lowest for the group fed the 14.1% crude protein from urea (3,919.5 won/cow/day). income above feed cost for 15.8% crude protein from urea was 4,154.4 won /cow/day.