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Kato, Ken,Cho, Byoung Chul,Takahashi, Masanobu,Okada, Morihito,Lin, Chen-Yuan,Chin, Keisho,Kadowaki, Shigenori,Ahn, Myung-Ju,Hamamoto, Yasuo,Doki, Yuichiro,Yen, Chueh-Chuan,Kubota, Yutaro,Kim, Sung-Ba ELSEVIER 2019 LANCET ONCOLOGY Vol.20 No.11
<P><B>Summary</B></P> <P><B>Background</B></P> <P>Chemotherapy for patients with advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma offers poor long-term survival prospects. We report the final analysis from our study of the immune checkpoint PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab versus chemotherapy in patients with previously treated advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>We did a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial (ATTRACTION-3) at 90 hospitals and cancer centres in Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the UK, and the USA. We enrolled patients aged 20 years and older with unresectable advanced or recurrent oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (regardless of PD-L1 expression), at least one measurable or non-measurable lesion per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1, a baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0–1, and who were refractory or intolerant to one previous fluoropyrimidine-based and platinum-based chemotherapy and had a life expectancy of at least 3 months. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either nivolumab (240 mg for 30 min every 2 weeks) or investigator's choice of chemotherapy (paclitaxel 100 mg/m<SUP>2</SUP> for at least 60 min once per week for 6 weeks then 1 week off; or docetaxel 75 mg/m<SUP>2</SUP> for at least 60 min every 3 weeks), all given intravenously. Treatment continued until disease progression assessed by the investigator per RECIST version 1.1 or unacceptable toxicity. Randomisation was done using an interactive web response system with a block size of four and stratified according to geographical region (Japan <I>vs</I> rest of the world), number of organs with metastases, and PD-L1 expression. Patients and investigators were not masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was overall survival, defined as the time from randomisation until death from any cause, in the intention-to-treat population that included all randomly assigned patients. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of the assigned treatment. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02569242, and follow-up for long-term outcomes is ongoing.</P> <P><B>Findings</B></P> <P>Between Jan 7, 2016, and May 25, 2017, we assigned 419 patients to treatment: 210 to nivolumab and 209 to chemotherapy. At the time of data cutoff on Nov 12, 2018, median follow-up for overall survival was 10·5 months (IQR 4·5–19·0) in the nivolumab group and 8·0 months (4·6–15·2) in the chemotherapy group. At a minimum follow-up time (ie, time from random assignment of the last patient to data cutoff) of 17·6 months, overall survival was significantly improved in the nivolumab group compared with the chemotherapy group (median 10·9 months, 95% CI 9·2–13·3 <I>vs</I> 8·4 months, 7·2–9·9; hazard ratio for death 0·77, 95% CI 0·62–0·96; p=0·019). 38 (18%) of 209 patients in the nivolumab group had grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events compared with 131 (63%) of 208 patients in the chemotherapy group. The most frequent grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events were anaemia (four [2%]) in the nivolumab group and decreased neutrophil count (59 [28%]) in the chemotherapy group. Five deaths were deemed treatment-related: two in the nivolumab group (one each of interstitial lung disease and pneumonitis) and three in the chemotherapy group (one each of pneumonia, spinal cord abscess, and interstitial lung disease).</P> <P><B>Interpretation</B></P> <P>Nivolumab was associated with a significant improvement in overall survivaland a favourable safety profile compared with chemotherapy in previously treated patients with advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and might represent a new standard second-line treatment option for these patients.
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갈신홍 ( Chen Hong Ge ),리태건 ( Tae Ken Rhee ),최익만 ( Ik Man Choi ) 한국외국어대학교 중국연구소 2010 中國硏究 Vol.50 No.-
Many famous classical writers think that the East and the West has formed two different ways when commenting on the historical process from primitive society to enter the civilized society. These two different ways are represented by Ancient Greece of "Classical Ancient", and represented by ancient Eastern countries of "Ancient Asia". Specifically, the development path of "Classical Ancient" is from clan to private property and then to state, individual private ownership breaks through the clan organization, state replaces the clan. In the absence of digestion of the original clan organization, the "Ancient Asia" directly develops into slavery countries, and consanguinity clan system integrates with national organization form. Different paths of historical development have created different cultural characteristic, therefore there are many differences between Eastern and Western culture. "Cultural Comparison" is a major problem, limited to textual length, in this article we will mainly do some research on different rational thinking mode, social governance mode, human nature theory and other issues of Eastern and Western ethical culture, and study the social causes behind cultural differences. For example, while Western culture highlights the cultural system of scientific rationality, Eastern culture focuses on the thinking system of value rationality; Eastern social governance follows a path different from the Western contract legal system; in the theory of human nature, the Western advocates of evil of human nature, the Eastern of Confucian advocates of good of human nature. Therefore, the result is "politics of spread the goodness" in Western in comparison with "politics of restrain the evil" in Eastern of Confucian. The existence of every culture has its realistic reasons and historical reasons for its existence. Investigating the significant differences between Eastern and Western culture and studying the deep reasons of these differences has important significance for understanding the differences between Eastern and Western culture, also better understanding Chinese culture, Korean culture, Western culture, accommodating Eastern and Western Culture to get better development of human culture. The social and material condition of production determines the mode of social life, and also the ideology and culture of the mode of social life. If we want to understand the history and ideology culture of East and West, and if we want to understand the Confucianism which guides and influences the history and culture of Eastern, we must make deep research on background of the social and historical causes of the Confucianism of East to analyze the specific social and historical conditions. From the view of different ways which generate the Eastern and Western history road, "Classical Ancient" is formed on the basis of private ownership after the collapse of the system "Ancient Asia" is transformed from the clan public ownership of land into state ownership of land. Direct transition from the clan to the state makes the whole social structure of generating legacy system of clan, which is linked by consanguinity. This is the key issue to understand the mode of production, social system, ideology and culture of the ancient Orient, and especially it is the direct historical basis to study the formation and characteristics of Confucianism. The history road of "Asian" shows that public ownership of land in ancient orient and the forms of social organization that determined by low productivity, makes the national publics function created in the absence of complete differentiation and disintegration of the clan organization. Thus, the country`s social structure naturally depends on the natural consanguineous organization. "Classical Ancient" is from the family to private property and then to the state. The family is replaced by state. "Ancient Asia" is from family to the state and the state is mixed with the family. Clan exists as prototype organization for the nation. The state is established by the relationship of clan consanguinity, the rule mode, which can be learned from and imitated, is also directly derived from the clan rule mode. The strong legacy system of clan in state`s political system makes the social structure, cultural spirit and historical process of ancient orient with great particularity. The Confucianism founded by Confucius is a theoretical reflection of real existence of clan (patriarchal clan system) of the Ancient Oriental state and another extension of the history road of "Asian" in the ideological field. Today, as a very profound way, globalization is gradually reconstructing the social life of different countries and nations all over the world. Due to the historical and practical reasons, the Eastern and Western has developed two different historical paths, creating their own characteristics objectively. How to grasp the demands of cultural accommodation in the world of globalization, how to get better development in the cultural conflict and cultural integration of these two different culture, it is the question which must be answered in the study of comparative subject of Eastern and Western culture.
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Wang, Li,Chen, Ken Chung,Gao, Yaozong,Shi, Feng,Liao, Shu,Li, Gang,Shen, Steve G. F.,Yan, Jin,Lee, Philip K. M.,Chow, Ben,Liu, Nancy X.,Xia, James J.,Shen, Dinggang Published for the American Association of Physicis 2014 Medical physics Vol.41 No.4
<P>Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an increasingly utilized imaging modality for the diagnosis and treatment planning of the patients with craniomaxillofacial (CMF) deformities. Accurate segmentation of CBCT image is an essential step to generate three-dimensional (3D) models for the diagnosis and treatment planning of the patients with CMF deformities. However, due to the poor image quality, including very low signal-to-noise ratio and the widespread image artifacts such as noise, beam hardening, and inhomogeneity, it is challenging to segment the CBCT images. In this paper, the authors present a new automatic segmentation method to address these problems.</P>
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Maneuvering Target Tracking Using LOS and Fuzzy Input Estimator
Yi-Wei Chen,Ken-Ming Tu 한국항공우주학회 2018 International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sc Vol.19 No.4
The performance of maneuvering target tracking relies on the extraction of useful information about the target state from the observations, and the key factors focus on the suitable target models and the filters. A usable maneuvering target tracking technique is proposed in this paper. The line-of-sight (LOS) dynamic equations of interceptor–target are modified for the target model and the azimuth angle, elevation angle and the relative range between the radar and the target can be detected by the radar system fixed on the ground. A fuzzy input estimator based on Kalman filter and input estimation method is developed in which the fuzzy logic theory is used to accelerate the estimator tracking speed to the signal input. Three different filters are used to combine with the modified LOS target model for the verification and comparison. Besides, the proposed algorithm is compared with two different target tracking techniques. Simulation results prove the modified LOS target model is practical and the developed fuzzy input estimator can increase the estimation precision. The proposed algorithm has the least estimation error of target position compared with the other two different target tracking techniques.
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Heping District, Taichung City, Central Taiwan D045&D046 Large-scale Landslide Area Investigation
( Chuan Ding ),( Ho-hsun Chen ),( Shu-ken Ho ) 대한지질공학회 2019 대한지질공학회 학술발표회논문집 Vol.2019 No.2
The survey area, Songbo settlement, is located at Lishan area, Heping District, Taichung City near Techi Reservoir watershed, central Taiwan. There are many geomorphological features related to landslide and were divided into two large-scale landslide areas numbered as D045 and D046 by Central Geological Survey, MOEA. D046 has higher landslide-potential than D045. In order to ensure the operation of the Techi Reservoir and the safety of the Songbo settlement, the Taichung Branch of the Soil and Water Conservation Bureau promoted the project and carried out investigation and planning work. The stratum that produced the displacement at that time was explained to be the BIMROCK layer and the stratum is relatively stable. The unstable stratum is distributed in the colluvium (CV) and its thickness from a few meters to more than 50 meters. Through the field survey results including surface seepage points investigating, road cracks and subsidence sketching, gully and drainage ditch conditions investigating, construction, poles and trees investigating, and cracks in retaining walls sketching, etc., only local area shows higher landslide potential but whole area. Besides, monitoring data such as inclinometers casing, GPS, groundwater level observation and field survey results can identify the anomalies found in the activity of potential landslide bodies.
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