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Nano metal oxide (CuO/Co3O4) based feed stock filament for FDM
K. Uma,G. Senthilkumar,K. Balamurugan 대한기계학회 2023 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.37 No.9
The applications of fused deposition modelling (FDM) are stretched widely by making functional parts. Metal oxides-based polymer nano composites have great potential to develop those functional parts. The intention of this work is to recognize the appropriate metal oxide filler and level of its loading in composite filament which is compatible for FDM by analyzing their tensile and metal flow properties. Filaments were synthesized by taking acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as common matrix material and two metal oxides such as copper oxide (CuO) and cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 ) were taken as fillers with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 wt.% of loading. The composite filaments were fabricated using a single screw extruder after compounding in a twin screw extruder. Totally, nine filaments of diameter 1.75±0.1 mm were extruded and all the samples were characterized by tensile strength and metal flow index measures. An increased pattern of tensile strength and decreased trend of % elongation (%EL) and metal flow index (MFI) values were noticed for increased filler loading for both fillers. When considering ABS as a reference material, CuO shows better results compared to Co 3 O 4 . Even though Co 3 O 4 shows high tensile strength, its %EL and MFI values were not good. At 1 wt% loading of CuO, tensile strength increased up to 46 %, MFI and % elongation values were reduced slightly as 19 % and 20 % from ABS. Further addition of nanoparticles improved tensile strength, but %EL and MFI values decreased drastically. Hence, the promising filler and filler loading were concluded as CuO with 1 wt% loading, which may be considered as suitable material for making blades and impellers in hydro dynamic machinery to improve their performance.
Jagadeesan, Balamurugan,Koo, Ok Kyung,Kim, Kwang-Pyo,Burkholder, Kristin M.,Mishra, Krishna K.,Aroonnual, Amornrat,Bhunia, Arun K. Microbiology Society 2010 Microbiology Vol.156 No.9
<P>Listeria adhesion protein (LAP), an alcohol acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (lmo1634), interacts with host-cell receptor Hsp60 to promote bacterial adhesion during the intestinal phase of Listeria monocytogenes infection. The LAP homologue is present in pathogens (L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii) and non-pathogens (L. innocua, L. welshimeri, L. seeligeri); however, its role in non-pathogens is unknown. Sequence analysis revealed 98 % amino acid similarity in LAP from all Listeria species. The N-terminus contains acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and the C-terminus an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Recombinant LAP from L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii, L. innocua and L. welshimeri exhibited ALDH and ADH activities, and displayed strong binding affinity (K(D) 2-31 nM) towards Hsp60. Flow cytometry, ELISA and immunoelectron microscopy revealed more surface-associated LAP in pathogens than non-pathogens. Pathogens exhibited significantly higher adhesion (P<0.05) to Caco-2 cells than non-pathogens; however, pretreatment of bacteria with Hsp60 caused 47-92 % reduction in adhesion only in pathogens. These data suggest that biochemical properties of LAP from pathogenic Listeria are similar to those of the protein from non-pathogens in many respects, such as substrate specificity, immunogenicity, and binding affinity to Hsp60. However, protein fractionation analysis of extracts from pathogenic and non-pathogenic Listeria species revealed that LAP was greatly reduced in intracellular and cell-surface protein fractions, and undetectable in the extracellular milieu of non-pathogens even though the lap transcript levels were similar for both. Furthermore, a LAP preparation from L. monocytogenes restored adhesion in a lap mutant (KB208) of L. monocytogenes but not in L. innocua, indicating possible lack of surface reassociation of LAP molecules in this bacterium. Taken together, these data suggest that LAP expression level, cell-surface localization, secretion and reassociation are responsible for LAP-mediated pathogenicity and possibly evolved to adapt to a parasitic life cycle in the host.</P>
Malik, Y.P.S.,Chakravarti, S.,Sharma, K.,Vaid, N.,Rajak, K.K.,Balamurugan, V.,Biswas, S.K.,Mondal, B.,Kataria, R.S.,Singh, R.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.7
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the recognition of invading pathogens and the modulation of innate immune responses in mammals. The TLR4 and TLR7 are well known to recognize the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and single stranded (ssRNA) ligands, respectively and play important role in host defense against Gram-negative bacteria and ssRNA viruses. In the present study, coding exon fragments of these two TLRs were identified, cloned, sequenced and analyzed in terms of insertion-deletion polymorphism, within bovine TLRs 4 and 7, thereby facilitating future TLR signaling and association studies relevant to bovine innate immunity. Comparative sequence analysis of TLR 4 exons revealed that this gene is more variable, particularly the coding frame (E3P1), while other parts showed percent identity of 95.7% to 100% at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectivley with other Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds from different parts of the world. In comparison to TLR4, sequence analysis of TLR7 showed more conservation among different B. indicus and B. taurus breeds, except single point mutation at 324 nucleotide position (AAA to AAM) altering a single amino acid at 108 position (K to X). Percent identity of TLR7 sequences (all 3 exons) was between 99.2% to 100% at nucleotide and amino acid level, when compared with available sequence database of B. indicus and B. taurus. Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART) analysis showed variations in the exon fragments located in the Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) region, which is responsible for binding with the microbial associated molecular patterns and further, downstream signaling to initiate anti-microbial response. Considering importance of TLR polymorphism in terms of innate immunity, further research is warranted.
Balamurugan, N.B.,Sankaranarayanan, K.,John, M.Fathima The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2009 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.9 No.2
The prominent advantages of Dual Material Surrounding Gate (DMSG) MOSFETs are higher speed, higher current drive, lower power consumption, enhanced short channel immunity and increased packing density, thus promising new opportunities for scaling and advanced design. In this Paper, we present Transconductance-to-drain current ratio and electric field distribution model for dual material surrounding gate (DMSGTs) MOSFETs. Transconductance-to-drain current ratio is a better criterion to access the performance of a device than the transconductance. This proposed model offers the basic designing guidance for dual material surrounding gate MOSFETs.
Investigations on Z-Source Based Cascaded Five Level Inverter
K. Vijayalakshmi,C. R. Balamurugan 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Vol.9 No.12
The Z source inverter is a novel power conversion topology that can buck and boost the given input voltage. Voltage source inverter (VSI) and current source inverter (CSI) have some common problems. The proposed work eliminates the limitations of both voltage source inverter and current source inverter by replacing multilevel inverter. This paper presents the new inverter topology based on combination of Z Source Inverter (ZSI) and Multi Level Inverter (MLI). The Z source inverter employs a unique impedance network to couple the main circuit to the power source. The basic structure includes one DC voltage source, Z network and multilevel inverter. Thus providing unique features that cannot be provided in both traditional voltage source and current source inverter. The cascaded MLI composed of eight switches to generating five voltage levels. The presence of multilevel inverters provide high output voltages with low harmonics without the use of transformers. The Z source concept can be applied to ac-dc, dc-ac, ac-ac and dc-dc power conversions. This work observes the rms (Root Mean Square) output voltage and presence of THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) in the output waveform by simulating the Z source based multilevel inverter using MATLAB/simulink.
Balamurugan, N.B.,Sankaranarayanan, K.,Suguna, M. The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2008 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.8 No.1
In this Paper, we present a scaling theory for dual material surrounding gate (DMSGTs) MOSFETs, which gives a guidance for the device design and maintaining a precise subthreshold factor for given device parameters. By studying the subthreshold conducting phenomenon of DMSGTs, the effective conductive path effect (ECPE) is employed to acquire the natural length to guide the design. With ECPE, the minimum channel potential is used to monitor the subthreshold behavior. The effect of ECPE on scaling factor significantly improves the subthreshold swing compared to conventional scaling rule. This proposed model offers the basic designing guidance for dual material surrounding gate MOSFETs.
Balamurugan, N.B.,Sankaranarayanan, K.,Amutha, P.,John, M. Fathima The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2008 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.8 No.3
A new two dimensional (2-D) analytical model for the Threshold Voltage on dual material surrounding gate (DMSG) MOSFETs is presented in this paper. The parabolic approximation technique is used to solve the 2-D Poisson equation with suitable boundary conditions. The simple and accurate analytical expression for the threshold voltage and sub-threshold swing is derived. It is seen that short channel effects (SCEs) in this structure is suppressed because of the perceivable step in the surface potential which screens the drain potential. We demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits significantly reduced SCEs, thus make it a more reliable device configuration for high speed wireless communication than the conventional single material surrounding gate (SMSG) MOSFETs.
Performance Oriented Docket-NoC (Dt-NoC) Scheme for Fast Communication in NoC
Vijayaraj, M.,Balamurugan, K. The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2016 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.16 No.3
Today's multi-core technology rapidly increases with more and more Intellectual Property cores on a single chip. Network-on-Chip (NoC) is an emerging communication network design for SoC. For efficient on-chip communication, routing algorithms plays an important role. This paper proposes a novel multicast routing technique entitled as Docket NoC (Dt-NoC), which eliminates the need of routing tables for faster communication. This technique reduces the latency and computing power of NoC. This work uses a CURVE restriction based algorithm to restrict few CURVES during the communication between source and destination and it prevents the network from deadlock and livelock. Performance evaluation is done by utilizing cycle accurate RTL simulator and by Cadence TSMC 18 nm technology. Experimental results show that the Dt-NoC architecture consumes power approximately 33.75% 27.65% and 24.85% less than Baseline XY, EnA, OEnA architectures respectively. Dt-NoC performs good as compared to other routing algorithms such as baseline XY, EnA, OEnA distributed architecture in terms of latency, power and throughput.