Different Destinations on a Risky Voyage

Jongnam Na 한국아메리카학회 2009 美國學論集 Vol.41 No.1

While suggesting a new perspective on the South Korean Army's early collapse during the first stage of the Korean War, this paper examines the troubled relations between KMAG and the South Korean military leaders, which helps highlight the other deficiencies plaguing the South Korea Army and eventually leading to its rapid collapse According to the newly avalilable materials, the South Korean Army, in the period of formation and early growth, suffered from hasty and excessive expansion, serious factionalism, politicizathin of the officer corps, and communist infiltration into its ranks More importantly, frequent and acute conflicts emerged in the relations between American military advisors and Korean officers as they struggled to create a South Korean armed force These problems weakened the South Korean Army and enfeebled its response to the sudden attack of the North Korea This paper challenges the dominant interpretation based mainly on the "superpower perspectives" which had prevailed during the Cold War period Although US policy failures in South Korea and North Korea's readiness to attack based on Soviet support are still critinal in understanding this topic, it suggests a new dimension to a now familiar story The early collapse of the South Korean Army originated not only from the failures of national policy of both the United States and South Korea, but also from the failures at lower levels, particularly the militaty advisor-advisee relationship between KMAG and the South Korean Army This paper also traces the process of trail and errors in the South Korean Army's acceptance of American military culture Although more successful relationships emerged after the Korean War started, the early experiences of trial and errors became the pivotal background of the full-scale South Korean military expansion program during the Korean War period

Making "a Small American Army" : Founding of the ROK Military Forces, 1945-1948

Jongnam Na(나종남) 고려대학교 일민국제관계연구원 2009 국제관계연구 Vol.14 No.1

이 글은 한국군의 창군 과정에서 미국 육군의 교리와 전술, 군대문화가 한국군 내부에 흡수되는 과정을 미국화의 측면에서 분석하였다. 지난 60여 년간 한반도의 냉전 전선에서 '자유민주주의의 보루(堡壘)' 역할을 성공적으로 수행하고 있는 한국군은 1946년 초에 미 군정사령부가 시행한 뱀부 계획(the Bamboo Plan)을 계기로 출범하였다. 그런데 뱀부 계획은 그 시작부터 많은 난관에 부딪쳤다. 우선 미 군정이 신생 한국군의 성장과 발전에 대한 명확한 지침을 가지고 있지 않았다. 게다가 한국군에 미국 군대의 교리와 문화를 주입하려던 미국 군사고문 관들과 달리, 한국군 장교와 지휘관들은 자신들에 익숙한 동양의 군대문화를 부활시키려 하였다. 이 외에도 창군 초기 한국군은 미국 정부의 무관심을 인해 한반도의 공산주의 팽창에 대응할 수 있는 장비 및 물자가 크게 부족했다. 하지만 한국군을 창설하는 과정에 참여한 한국과 미국의 군인들은 온갖 어려움 속에서도 협조와 공동의 노력을 통해서 뱀부 계획을 완성하였다. 문화적 차이나 장비와 물자 부족에도 불구하고 한국과 미국의 군인들은 한반도에서 빠른 속도로 팽창하던 공산주의에 대응하기 위해서 협력하였던 것이다. 특히 한ㆍ미간의 공조는 1950년 6월에 공산주의 세력이 한국전쟁을 일으킨 이후 더욱 견고 해졌다. 이 논문은 또한 냉전 초기의 격랑 속에서 한국군을 조직하고 훈련시켰고, 이를 통해서 한국을 사수하는 과정에 한국과 미국의 군인들이 발전시킨 특별한 관계, 즉 '혈맹(cemented in blood)' 관계를 밝혀냈다. 이 관계야말로 냉전 기간 내내 한국군이 부여받은 '자유민주주의를 사수하는 보루’의 역할을 수행 할 수 있는 근간이 되었다. This paper deals with the founding process of the ROK Army from the perspective of Americanization in military, meaning the ROK Army's introduction to the U.S. Army's models including training, tactics, professionalism, and military culture. The military founding in South Korea, the Bamboo Plan, began as a Cold War project. Soon after the Japanese surrender in August 1945, American troops hurried into the Korean Peninsula and a small number of American officers worked for creation of this indigenous troop while taking charge of organizing, recruiting, training, feeding, and even teaching English to Koreans. The Bamboo Plan, however, encountered many difficulties between American advisors and Korean advisee from the start such as language barriers and racial prejudices. Furthermore, the U.S. government was generally indifferent toward this military force, leading to a lack of the material support that would have made an inherently difficult relationship easier. The difficulties, nevertheless, were overcome by the US-ROK joint efforts to make their co-project successful. The joint efforts were possible in spite of the different expectations on the ROK Army, because they firmly shared the common interests to block the Communists' expansion in East Asia and to secure the ROK in particular. While defending the ROK firmly, Americans and Koreans in uniform have succeeded to continue to uphold their special relationship, or the so-called US-ROK partnership "cemented in blood." This special partnership became the cornerstone of the ROK military' s mission, a bulwark of liberal democracy, during the entire Cold War era.

"공화국수비대는 격파되었는가?"

나종남(Jongnam Na) 한국아메리카학회 2013 美國學論集 Vol.45 No.2

This paper deals with the final stages of Operation Desert Storm during the Gulf War(1990~1991), focusing on the Coalition Forces' joint operations and combined operations. Since the early 1990s, Operation Desert Storm has been known as the most advanced and superbly organized military operation in the history of warfare. And military historians concluded that the success of Operation Desert Storm was the outcome of the accumulated efforts of US military in the pervious several decades. The actual outcomes of Operation Desert Storm, however, were quite different from what has been known since the war ended. According to various sources from the inside of each service and veterans who participated in the operations, there were lots of puzzles in the final stage of Operation Desert Storm, and the existed stories should be checked with reliable sources. And, more than anything else, two-thirds of the Republic Guard, Iraqi Army, escaped from Kuwait successfully before the coalition forces close the encirclement gap. They were able to survive from turmoils because of the unexpected problems in joint operations between US troops and Arab forces and troubled combined operations between air forces and ground troops. While tracing the detail stories of the final stage of the Gulf War, this paper tries to suggest a new perspective on what exactly happened and why the coalition forces were not able to destroy the Republican Guard successfully.

미국 군인에게 수여된 대한민국 태극무공훈장 분석: 미국 명예훈장과 비교를 중심으로

나종남(Jongnam Na) 한국아메리카학회 2021 美國學論集 Vol.53 No.1

This paper analyzes Republic of Korea(ROK) s records of the Taegeuk Military Merit awarded to American soldiers for the first twenty-five years since the medal was introduced. Specifically, it examines the criteria that ROK government considered to award the highest medal to American soldiers, and analyzes how the criteria differed from those applied to Korean soldiers. In addition, comparing these with the criteria of awarding the Medal of Honor awarded by the US government to its own soldiers, this paper examines the differences between the two countries’ military medal systems. According to official records on the highest medal from two governments, American Medal of Honors were awarded to United States soldiers who made achievement through heroic combat actions or who showed a sublime spirit of sacrifice regardless of their rank. On the other hand, most of Korean Taegeuk Military Merit were given to American soldiers based on their ranks and positions, without considering their combat achievement and/or sacrifice.

Rheology and Microstructure of Polymer Nanocomposites with Dopamine-derived Polymer Adsorption onto Nanoparticles

Na Kyung Kwon,Hyunhong Kim,Jongnam Park,So Youn Kim 한국고분자학회 2016 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.41 No.2

상호작용 VR 기술을 이용한 가상 캠퍼스 안내 시스템 구현

김종남(Jongnam Kim),나길항(Kilhang Na),김종헌(Jongheon Kim),김경업(Gyeongeop Kim),정영기(Youngkee Jung) 한국HCI학회 2008 한국HCI학회 학술대회 Vol.2008 No.2

가상현실 시스템에서 체험자가 현실과 같은 몰입을 느끼기 위해서는 하드웨어를 통한 가상환경 구축과 체험자와의 상호작용이 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 위치 주적 시스템(Motion Tracking System), Wand(3D Mouse) 및 HoloPoint 등 다양한 VR 인터페이스를 통해 체험자의 움직임, 위치, 동작을 인식하고 대형 멀티 디스플레이 시스템을 통해 입체영상을 제공하는 가상환경을 구축하고 체험자가 원하는 정보를 상호작용(Interaction)으로 제공할 수 있는 가상 캠퍼스 안내 시스템을 구현하고자 한다. 가상 캠퍼스 구축은 캠퍼스의 지형, 건물 및 구조물들의 정확한 형상을 얻기 위해 3D 스캐너를 이용하였고 획득된 데이터는 일련의 과정들을 거쳐 3D 모델로 생성된다. 이렇게 생성된 모델을 재배치 및 최적화하기 위해 모델링 소프트웨어를 사용하였다. 구축된 가상 캠퍼스와 위치 추적 시스템 및 Wand의 연동을 위해 VR 프로그래밍 하여 체험자의 움직임 및 동작을 콘텐츠에 그대로 적용시켰다. 여기에 키오스크 유형의 HoloPoint를 이용하여 체험자의 손동작으로 상호작용하는 안내시스템도 구축하였다. 상호작용 가능한 가상 캠퍼스 안내 시스템은 가상현실 시스템 구축에 대한 또 다른 방법과 활용 예를 제시함으로써 가상전시관 및 가상체험관 등에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

수화 통역을 위한 VR 콘텐츠 개발

나길항(Kilhang Na),이병호(Byungho Lee),김종헌(Jonghun Kim),김종남(Jongnam Kim),정영기(Youngkee Jung) 한국HCI학회 2009 한국HCI학회 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.2

본 논문은 영화, 방송, 애니메이션 등의 다양한 동영상 콘텐츠에 수화 애니메이션을 합성하여 동영상 콘텐츠를 청각 및 언어장애인들에게 이해시키기 위한 수화 통역 VR 콘텐츠 시스템을 제안하고자 한다. 제안된 시스템은 수화 사전에 있는 수화들을 3D 애니메이션으로 DB화하기 위해, 모션 캡처 시스템과 데이터 글러브를 사용하여 실제 사람처럼 자연스러운 애니메이션을 생성하였다. 최종적으로 동영상 콘텐츠의 자막이나 대본의 구문분석을 한 후, 이를 수화용 단어자막을 통해 수화 애니메이션을 DB에서 검색한 후, 실시간적으로 기존 동영상 콘텐츠와 동기합성을 하여 수화 통역 콘텐츠를 제공하는 VR 콘텐츠 시스템을 구현하였고 이 시스템을 동화용 애니메이션에 적용하였다.

Synthesis of Uniformly Sized Manganese Oxide Nanocrystals with Various Sizes and Shapes and Characterization of Their <i>T</i>₁ Magnetic Resonance Relaxivity

An, Kwangjin,Park, Mihyun,Yu, Jung Ho,Na, Hyon Bin,Lee, Nohyun,Park, Jongnam,Choi, Seung Hong,Song, In Chan,Moon, Woo Kyung,Hyeon, Taeghwan WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2012 European journal of inorganic chemistry Vol.2012 No.12

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>We synthesized manganese oxide (MnO and Mn<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>) nanocrystals with various sizes and shapes by the thermal reaction of a Mn<SUP>II</SUP>–oleate complex through a “heat‐up process”. When a Mn<SUP>II</SUP>–oleate complex was thermally decomposed in non‐coordinating hydrocarbon solvents, uniformly sized MnO nanocrystals with cubic and octahedral shapes were produced. We were able to synthesize anisotropic, multibranched MnO nanocrystals by the oriented attachment of MnO truncated‐nanocube building blocks. When the Mn<SUP>II</SUP>–oleate complex was heated in 1‐hexadecene in the presence of strongly coordinating carboxylic acid surfactants, spherical nanocrystals were generated, and their diameter was controlled in the range 3–13 nm by varying the chain length of the carboxylic acid. When oleyl alcohol was added to the Mn–oleate complex in phenyl ether, tetrahedral MnO nanocrystals were synthesized. The as‐synthesized MnO nanocrystals were oxidized in air to Mn<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> or MnO/Mn<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> core–shell structures, which exhibited exchange coupling with shifted magnetic hysteresis loops. The effect of the size and shape of the phospholipid‐capped manganese oxide nanocrystals on their applicability as <I>T</I><SUB>1</SUB> contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were examined. As the size of the nanocrystals decreased, their relaxivities increased, thereby generating brighter MR images. In particular, spherical 3 nm‐sized Mn<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> nanocrystals had a high specific relaxivity (<I>r</I><SUB>1</SUB>) of 2.38 m<SMALL>M</SMALL><SUP>–1</SUP> s<SUP>–1</SUP>, clearly demonstrating their potential for use as an efficient <I>T</I><SUB>1</SUB> MRI contrast agent.</P>