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Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) as a Hole Transport Layer for Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells
Neo, Darren C. J.,Zhang, Nanlin,Tazawa, Yujiro,Jiang, Haibo,Hughes, Gareth M.,Grovenor, Chris R. M.,Assender, Hazel E.,Watt, Andrew A. R. American Chemical Society 2016 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.8 No.19
<P>Lead sulfide colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells demonstrate extremely high short-circuit currents (<I>J</I><SUB>sc</SUB>) and are making decent progress in power conversion efficiencies. However, the low fill factors (FF) and open-circuit voltages have to be addressed with urgency to prevent the stalling of efficiency improvements. This paper highlights the importance of improving hole extraction, which received much less attention as compared to the electron-accepting component of the device architecture (e.g., TiO<SUB>2</SUB> or ZnO). Here, we show the use of semiconducting polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) to create efficient CQD devices by improving hole transport, removing interfacial barriers, and minimizing shunt pathways, thus resulting in an overall improvement in device performance stemming from better <I>J</I><SUB>sc</SUB> and FF.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2016/aamick.2016.8.issue-19/acsami.5b10228/production/images/medium/am-2015-10228h_0008.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/am5b10228'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Narrow Band Gap Lead Sulfide Hole Transport Layers for Quantum Dot Photovoltaics
Zhang, Nanlin,Neo, Darren C. J.,Tazawa, Yujiro,Li, Xiuting,Assender, Hazel E.,Compton, Richard G.,Watt, Andrew A. R. American Chemical Society 2016 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.8 No.33
<P>The band structure of colloidal quantum dot (CQD) bilayer heterojunction solar cells is optimized using a combination of ligand modification and QD band gap control. Solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of up to 9.33 ± 0.50% are demonstrated by aligning the absorber and hole transport layers (HTL). Key to achieving high efficiencies is optimizing the relative position of both the valence band and Fermi energy at the CQD bilayer interface. By comparing different band gap CQDs with different ligands, we find that a smaller band gap CQD HTL in combination with a more p-type-inducing CQD ligand is found to enhance hole extraction and hence device performance. We postulate that the efficiency improvements observed are largely due to the synergistic effects of narrower band gap QDs, causing an upshift of valence band position due to 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT) ligands and a lowering of the Fermi level due to oxidation.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2016/aamick.2016.8.issue-33/acsami.6b01018/production/images/medium/am-2016-01018p_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/am6b01018'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Zhang, Xiaobo,Pint, Cary L.,Lee, Min Hyung,Schubert, Bryan Edward,Jamshidi, Arash,Takei, Kuniharu,Ko, Hyunhyub,Gillies, Andrew,Bardhan, Rizia,Urban, Jeffrey J.,Wu, Ming,Fearing, Ronald,Javey, Ali American Chemical Society 2011 NANO LETTERS Vol.11 No.8
<P>A simple approach is described to fabricate reversible, thermally- and optically responsive actuators utilizing composites of poly(<I>N</I>-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) loaded with single-walled carbon nanotubes. With nanotube loading at concentrations of 0.75 mg/mL, we demonstrate up to 5 times enhancement to the thermal response time of the nanotube-pNIPAM hydrogel actuators caused by the enhanced mass transport of water molecules. Additionally, we demonstrate the ability to obtain ultrafast near-infrared optical response in nanotube-pNIPAM hydrogels under laser excitation enabled by the strong absorption properties of nanotubes. The work opens the framework to design complex and programmable self-folding materials, such as cubes and flowers, with advanced built-in features, including tunable response time as determined by the nanotube loading.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2011/nalefd.2011.11.issue-8/nl201503e/production/images/medium/nl-2011-01503e_0002.gif'></P>
Progress towards stable blue light-emitting polymers
Andrew C. Grimsdale,Jingying Zhang,Klaus M?len,Luke Oldridge,Martin Gaal,Emil J. W. List,Josemon Jacob 한국물리학회 2004 Current Applied Physics Vol.4 No.2-4
New routes have been developed for the synthesis of blue-emitting conjugated polymers designed to show stable blue-emission inLEDs. Fluorenes bearing polyphenylene dendrimer side-chains have been made by a new route in which the dendrimer substituentsare built up on a biphenyl which is then ring-closed to give the uorene. This route can be used to make uorenes with a range offunctionalised rst and second generation dendrimer substituents, as monomers for new blue-emitting polymers. Polyindenouo-renes bearing aryl substituents have been made and found to display much stabler blue-emission than previous polyindenouorenes.
Immobilization of Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum with Filamentous Fungi and Its Kinetics
Barzee Tyler J.,El-Mashad Hamed M.,Burch Andrew R.,Franz Annaliese K.,Zhang Ruihong 한국미생물·생명공학회 2023 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.33 No.2
Immobilizing microalgae cells in a hyphal matrix can simplify harvest while producing novel mycoalgae products with potential food, feed, biomaterial, and renewable energy applications; however, limited quantitative information to describe the process and its applicability under various conditions leads to difficulties in comparing across studies and scaling-up. Here, we demonstrate the immobilization of both active and heat-deactivated marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (UTEX 466) using different loadings of fungal pellets (Aspergillus sp.) and model the process through kinetics and equilibrium models. Active P. tricornutum cells were not required for the fungal-assisted immobilization process and the fungal isolate was able to immobilize more than its original mass of microalgae. The Freundlich isotherm model adequately described the equilibrium immobilization characteristics and indicated increased normalized algae immobilization (g algae removed/g fungi loaded) under low fungal pellet loadings. The kinetics of algae immobilization by the fungal pellets were found to be adequately modeled using both a pseudo-second order model and a model previously developed for fungal-assisted algae immobilization. These results provide new insights into the behavior and potential applications of fungal-assisted algae immobilization.
Dianhao Zheng,Hongbin Zhang,J. Andrew Zhang,Yang Li 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2019 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.17 No.1
Asynchronous switching differing from asynchronous consensus may hinder the system to reach a consensus. This receives very limited attention, especially when the multi-agent systems have a controller fault. Inorder to analyze the consensus in this situation, this paper studies the consensus of the second-order multi-agentsystems under asynchronous switching with a controller fault. We convert the consensus problems under asynchronousswitching into stability problems and obtain important results for consensus with the aid of linear matrixinequalities. An example is given to illustrate the effect of asynchronous switching on the consensus, and to validatethe analytical results in this paper.
High Performance PbS Quantum Dot/Graphene Hybrid Solar Cell with Efficient Charge Extraction
Kim, Byung-Sung,Neo, Darren C. J.,Hou, Bo,Park, Jong Bae,Cho, Yuljae,Zhang, Nanlin,Hong, John,Pak, Sangyeon,Lee, Sanghyo,Sohn, Jung Inn,Assender, Hazel E.,Watt, Andrew A. R.,Cha, SeungNam,Kim, Jong Mi American Chemical Society 2016 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.8 No.22
<P/><P>Hybrid colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells are fabricated from multilayer stacks of lead sulfide (PbS) CQD and single layer graphene (SG). The inclusion of graphene interlayers is shown to increase power conversion efficiency by 9.18%. It is shown that the inclusion of conductive graphene enhances charge extraction in devices. Photoluminescence shows that graphene quenches emission from the quantum dot suggesting spontaneous charge transfer to graphene. CQD photodetectors exhibit increased photoresponse and improved transport properties. We propose that the CQD/SG hybrid structure is a route to make CQD thin films with improved charge extraction, therefore resulting in improved solar cell efficiency.</P>
Genomic and Functional Approaches to Understanding Cancer Aneuploidy
Taylor, Alison M.,Shih, Juliann,Ha, Gavin,Gao, Galen F.,Zhang, Xiaoyang,Berger, Ashton C.,Schumacher, Steven E.,Wang, Chen,Hu, Hai,Liu, Jianfang,Lazar, Alexander J.,Cherniack, Andrew D.,Beroukhim, Ram Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam 2018 Cancer cell Vol.33 No.4
Chen, Season S.,Wang, Lei,Yu, Iris K.M.,Tsang, Daniel C.W.,Hunt, Andrew J.,Jé,rô,me, Franç,ois,Zhang, Shicheng,Ok, Yong Sik,Poon, Chi Sun Elsevier 2018 Bioresource technology Vol.247 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study aims to produce levulinic acid (LA) from paper towel waste in environment-friendly and economically feasible conditions, and evaluate the difference using solid and aqueous Brønsted acids. Direct dehydration of glucose to LA required sufficiently strong Brønsted acidity, where Amberlyst 36 demonstrated rapid production of approximately 30Cmol% of LA in 20min. However, the maximum yield of LA was limited by mass transfer. In contrast, the yield of LA gradually increased to over 40Cmol% in 1M H<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB> at 150°C in 60min. The SEM images revealed the conversion in dilute acids under microwave at 150°C resulting in swelling structures of cellulose, which were similar to the pre-treatment process with concentrated acids. Further increase in reaction temperature to 200°C significantly shortened the reaction time from 60 to 2.5min, which saved the energy cost as revealed in preliminary cost analysis.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> 30% of levulinic acid (LA) yielded from paper towel over Amberlyst 36 in 20min. </LI> <LI> Maximum yield of LA was comparable using dilute sulphuric acid at 150 and 200°C. </LI> <LI> Cellulose underwent swelling in dilute acid with microwave heating at 150°C. </LI> <LI> Conversion at 200°C shortened reaction time and reduced total energy consumption. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Cao, Leichang,Yu, Iris K.M.,Liu, Yaoyu,Ruan, Xiuxiu,Tsang, Daniel C.W.,Hunt, Andrew J.,Ok, Yong Sik,Song, Hocheol,Zhang, Shicheng Elsevier 2018 Bioresource technology Vol.269 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Lignin is an abundant biomass resource in aromatic structure with a low price in market, which can serve as renewable precursors of value-added products. However, valorization rate of annually produced lignin is less than 2%, suggesting the need for technological advancement to capitalize lignin as a versatile feedstock. In recent years, efficient utilization of lignin has attracted wide attention. This paper summarizes the research advances in the utilization of lignin resources (mainly in the last three years), with a particular emphasis on two major approaches of lignin utilization: catalytic degradation into aromatics and thermochemical treatment for carbon material production. Hydrogenolysis, direct pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and hydrothermal carbonization of lignin are discussed in detail. Based on this critical review, future research directions and development prospects are proposed for sustainable and cost-effective lignin valorization.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Aromatics and carbon materials can be produced from lignin valorization. </LI> <LI> Heterogeneous or electrocatalytic hydrogenolysis is promising for aromatics production. </LI> <LI> Lignin biochar/hydrochar can serve as new carbon materials for emerging applications. </LI> <LI> Efficient lignin depolymerisation and degradation is the key to scaled-up valorization. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>