SHIELDING ANALYSIS OF DUAL PURPOSE CASKS FOR SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL UNDER NORMAL STORAGE CONDITIONS

Ko, Jae-Hun,Park, Jea-Ho,Jung, In-Soo,Lee, Gang-Uk,Baeg, Chang-Yeal,Kim, Tae-Man Korean Nuclear Society 2014 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.46 No.4

Korea expects a shortage in storage capacity for spent fuels at reactor sites. Therefore, a need for more metal and/or concrete casks for storage systems is anticipated for either the reactor site or away from the reactor for interim storage. For the purpose of interim storage and transportation, a dual purpose metal cask that can load 21 spent fuel assemblies is being developed by Korea Radioactive Waste Management Corporation (KRMC) in Korea. At first the gamma and neutron flux for the design basis fuel were determined assuming in-core environment (the temperature, pressure, etc. of the moderator, boron, cladding, $UO_2$ pellets) in which the design basis fuel is loaded, as input data. The evaluation simulated burnup up to 45,000 MWD/MTU and decay during ten years of cooling using the SAS2H/OGIGEN-S module of the SCALE5.1 system. The results from the source term evaluation were used as input data for the final shielding evaluation utilizing the MCNP Code, which yielded the effective dose rate. The design of the cask is based on the safety requirements for normal storage conditions under 10 CFR Part 72. A radiation shielding analysis of the metal storage cask optimized for loading 21 design basis fuels was performed for two cases; one for a single cask and the other for a $2{\times}10$ cask array. For the single cask, dose rates at the external surface of the metal cask, 1m and 2m away from the cask surface, were evaluated. For the $2{\times}10$ cask array, dose rates at the center point of the array and at the center of the casks' height were evaluated. The results of the shielding analysis for the single cask show that dose rates were considerably higher at the lower side (from the bottom of the cask to the bottom of the neutron shielding) of the cask, at over 2mSv/hr at the external surface of the cask. However, this is not considered to be a significant issue since additional shielding will be installed at the storage facility. The shielding analysis results for the $2{\times}10$ cask array showed exponential decrease with distance off the sources. The controlled area boundary was calculated to be approximately 280m from the array, with a dose rate of 25mrem/yr. Actual dose rates within the controlled area boundary will be lower than 25mrem/yr, due to the decay of radioactivity of spent fuel in storage.

The world ginseng market and the ginseng (Korea)

In-Ho Baeg,Seung-Ho So 고려인삼학회 2013 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.37 No.1

Ginseng is being distributed in 35 countries around the world and there are differences by each country in the distribution volume and amount. However, since there is no accurate statistics on production and distribution amount by each country, it is very difficult to predict the world ginseng market. Ginseng trading companies and governments are in desperate need of comprehensive data that shows the world ginseng market status for sales and marketing. For that reason, this study will look into the approximate size of the world ginseng market based on recent ginseng distribution amount by each country and production by major ginseng producing nations. In addition, the review sets an opportunity to check the status of ginseng (Korea) in the world and presents future direction by examining recent history of ginseng development in Korea, which is one of the world’s largest ginseng distributers. Since ginseng is cultivated in limited areas due to its growth characteristics, ginseng distributing countries can be divided based on whether they grow it domestically or not. In general, four countries including South Korea, China, Canada, and the US are the biggest producers and their total production of fresh ginseng is approximately 79,769 tons which is more than 99% of 80,080 tons, the total ginseng production around the world. Ginseng is distributed to different countries in various forms such as fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, boiled and dried ginseng (Taekuksam), red ginseng and the related products, etc. and is consumed as food, dietary supplements, functional food, medical supplies, etc. Also, the world ginseng market including ginseng root and the processed products, is estimated to be worth $2,084 million. In particular, the size of the Korean market is $1,140 million which makes Korea the largest distributer in the world. Since the interests in alternative medicine and healthy food is increasing globally, the consumer market of ginseng with many features and the processed products are expected to expand continuously.

The Global Ginseng Market and Korean Ginseng

Baeg, In-Ho The Korean Society of Ginseng 2022 인삼문화 Vol.4 No.-

Ginseng and ginseng products are distributed in approximately 190 countries around the world. The size of the ginseng market varies by country and there are no accurate statistics on production and distribution amounts per country. Therefore, it is difficult to make predictions about the global ginseng market. Governments and ginseng trading companies are in need of comprehensive data that shows the current status of the ginseng market to help them establish effective import, export, and sales and marketing policies. To addressthis need, this study examines the approximate size of the world ginseng market based on estimates of recent quantities of ginseng distributed in specific country as well as production by major ginseng producing countries. In 2018, global ginseng production was about 86,223 tons based on fresh ginseng. China produced 50,164 tons, South Korea 23,265 tons, Canada 11,367 tons, the US 1,285 tons, Japan 30 tons, and other countries a combined 112 tons. The value of global ginseng production is estimated to be approximately $5,900 million, with $2,870 million (48.6%) in China, $2,489 million (42.2%) in South Korea, $478 million (8.1%) in Canada, $54 million (0.9%) in the USA, $4 million (0.1%) in Japan, and $5 million (0.1%) in other countries. The value of ginseng products consumed for the last five yearsin South Korea was $1,162 million in 2014, $1,280 million in 2015, $1,548 million in 2016, $1,638 million in 2017, and $1,762 million in 2018, showing that the market has been increasing in recent years. In particular, the Korea Ginseng Corporation (KGC), the biggest global ginseng company in South Korea, recorded sales of $1,207 million in 2018. This represents about 69% of the South Korean ginseng market, and about 20% of global production. Since interest in alternative medicine and health food among consumers is increasing globally, the market for ginseng is expected to expand into the future.

원발병소 및 전이병소에서 배양된 위선암세포의 체외 항암제 감수성 비교

함기백 ( Ham Gi Baeg ),이상인 ( Lee Sang In ),임대순 ( Im Dae Sun ),김원호 ( Kim Won Ho ),문영명 ( Mun Yeong Myeong ),강진경 ( Kang Jin Gyeong ),박인서 ( Park In Seo ),최흥재 ( Choe Heung Jae ),민진식 ( Min Jin Sig ),김충배 ( Kim 대한내과학회 1993 대한내과학회지 Vol.44 No.3

연구배경 : 세균에 대한 항생제 감수성검사와 같은 개념으로 항암제 감수성 검사법이 다양하게 개발, 발전되어 왔으나 아직까지 임상응용에는 많은 제약이 있다. 그러나 감수성검사 결과와 생체내에서의 항암효과 사이에 연관성이 높다는 여러 보고와 함께 실제 생존율도 증가 시킨다는 보고가 있어 항암제 감수성검사의 중요성 및 필요성이 더욱 강조되고 있다. 또한 원발병소 및 전이병소의 암세포는 세포형태, 핵형, 면역성, 항원성, 침습력, 암유전자 발현율 및 항암제 감수성에 있어서 차이가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 원발병소 및 전이병소의 암세포가 항암제 단일 또는 병합에 대하여 감수성에 차이가 있는 지를 알아보고, 체외 항암제 감수성검사를 통하여 가장 감수성이 높은 단일 또는 병합 항암제를 선별할 수 있는지를 알아보는데 있다. 방법 : 위암환자 158예중 138예는 원발병소 (A군)에서, 26예는 전이병소(B군)에서 채취된 위선암세포를 단기간 시험관내에서 배양하였다. 단기간 배양된 암세포를 3-{4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl}-2-5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide(MTT) 검사방법을 이용하여 adriamycin(ADR), cisplatin(DDP), 5-fluorouracil(5-FU), mitomycin C (MMC) 및 etoposide (VP-16)의 5가지 단일 또는 병합 항암제에 대한 체외 항암제 감수성검사를 시행하였다. 결과 : 1) 위선암세포의 단기간 배양성공율은 A군에서 138병소 중 20병소로 14.5%, B군에서는 27병소중 18병소로 66.7%로 양군간에 의의있는 차이를 보였다(p<0.001). 2) 배양된 암세포의 위상차 현미경 소견이나 병리학적 도말검사 소견은 양군간에 유의한 형태학적 차이를 관찰할 수 없었다. 3) 각 항암제 각각에 대한 감수성은 환자 개개인에 따라 차이가 많았으며 ADR과 MMC의 IC_50은 B군에서 A군에 비하여, VP-16의 IC_50은 A군에서 B군에 비하여 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 4) Additivity model을 이용한 항암제 병합에 대한 감수성검사 결과, 함암제 2제 병합시 A군에서는 ADR+MMC과 ADR+DDP에서, B군에서는 ADR+VP-16, 5-FU+VP-16 그리고 MMC+VP-16에서 유의한 상승효과를 보였으며 (p<0.05), 항암제 3제 병합시 A군에서는 5-FU+ADR+DDP와 MMC+DDP+5-FU에서, B군에서는 5-FU+ADR+VP-16와 VP-16+ADR+DDP에서 유의한 상승효과를 보았다(p<0.01). 5) Isobologram model을 이용한 병합 함암제에 대한 감수성검사 결과, 항암제 2제 병합시 A군에서는 ADR+DDP와 ADR+MMC, B군에서는 ADR+VP-16, MMC+VP-16, DDP+VP-16이, 항암제 3제 병합시 A군에서는 5-FU+ADR+DDP와 MMC+DDP+5-FU, B군에서는 VP-16+ADR+DDP와 5-FU+ADR+VP-16이 대상환자중 70% 이상에서 높은 감수성을 보였다. 6) A군과 B군 사이에 감수성이 높은 병합 항암제는 서로 달라 5-FU+ADR+MMC과 5-FU+ADR+DDP는 A군에서는 상승효과를 보였으나 B군에서는 오히려 길항작용을 보였으며, 5-FU+ADR+VP-16와 VP-16+ADR+DDP는 A군에는 준첨가효과를 보였으나 B군에서는 상승효과를 보였다. 결론 : 원발병소 및 전이병소 위선암세포간에 단일 또 는 병합 항암제에 대한 감수성에 있어서 유의하게 차이가 있었다. 따라서 원발병소 또는 전이병소의 위선암세포를 시험관내에서 단기 배양하여 체외 항암제감수성검사를 시행함으로서 환자 개개인의 위암세포에 가장 감수성이 있는 항암제 선별할 수 있고, 감수성검사의 결과에 따라 선택된 단일 또는 병합 항암제로 화학요법을 시행하면 현재의 경험적인 함암제 투여에 비하여 치료성적이 향상될 것으로 생각된다. Background : Recently, attention has been focused on the possibility of predicting the effectiveness of anticaner drugs against individual tumors through chemosensitivity tests. The MTT assay is a preferable, accurate, and convenient colorimetric assay which is based on the premise that the mitochondria of living cells reduce the tetrazolium salt to formazan. It has been suggested that malignant neoplasms contain multiple cell populations exhibiting tremendous biologic heterogeneity. Particularly the detailed differences in chemosensitivity between cells from primary and from metastasis lesions remain unsolved. This study was designed to assess the usefulness of in vitro chemosensitivity tests in the tratment of gastric cancers and differences in chemosensitivity between gastric cancer cells cultured from primary and metastatic lesions. Method : Primary cancer cells of 138 patients with gastric cancer (group A), obtained through the endoscopic biopsy or surgical open biopsy, and metastatc cancer cells of 26 patients (group B : 27 lesions), obtained through the paracentesis or pleural centesis, were cultured using culture midium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum. The colorimetric MTT assay was applied for in vitro chemosensitivity tests. Results : 1) The success rates of short-term culture of gastric cancer cells were 14.5% (20/138) in group A and 66.7% (18/27) in group B, respectively. 2) The morphology of the cultured cells observed through phase-contrast and light microscopy showed no significant difference between group A and B. 3) The mean IC_50 of ADR and MMC were significantly higher in group B than group A (p<0.05) and that of VOㆍ16 significantly higher in group A (p<001) 4) The two-drug combination regimens having thd statistically significant synergistic effects were ADR+MMC (p<0.05) and ADR+DDP (p=0.01) in group a, ADR+VPㆍ16 (p<0.05), 5ㆍFU+VPㆍ16 (p<0.05), and MMC+VPㆍ16 (p<0.05) in group B, and the three-drug combination regimens were 5ㆍFU+ADR+DDP (p<0.05) and MMC+DDP+5ㆍFU (p=0.01) in group A, 5ㆍFU+ADR +VPㆍ16 (p<0.01) and VPㆍ16+ADR+DDP (p<0.01) in group B. 5) The two-drun combination regimens having the supraaddictive effects over 70% of the cases were ADR+MMC and ADR+DDP in group A, ADR+VP-16, 5-FU+VP-16, and DDP+VP-16 in group B, and the three-drug combination regimens 5-FU +ADR+DDP and MMC+DDP+5-FU in group A, 5-FU +ADR +VP-16 and VP-16 +ADR+DDP in group B. 6) The combination regimens having synergistic effects were different between group A and group B. 5-FU +ADR+MMC and 5-FU +ADR+DDP combination had synergistic effects in group A, but antagonistic effects in group B. 5-FU +ADR+VP-16 and VP-16+ADR+DDP combination synergistic effects in group B, but antagonistic effects in group A. Conclusion : The chemosensitivities of gastric cancer cells were significantly different between the primary and metastatic lesions from which the cultured cells were derived. Thus, the individual chemosensitivity test using short-term culture system may be useful for the selection of the most effective anticancer drugs.

The world ginseng market and the ginseng (Korea)

Baeg, In-Ho,So, Seung-Ho The Korean Society of Ginseng 2013 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.37 No.1

Ginseng is being distributed in 35 countries around the world and there are differences by each country in the distribution volume and amount. However, since there is no accurate statistics on production and distribution amount by each country, it is very difficult to predict the world ginseng market. Ginseng trading companies and governments are in desperate need of comprehensive data that shows the world ginseng market status for sales and marketing. For that reason, this study will look into the approximate size of the world ginseng market based on recent ginseng distribution amount by each country and production by major ginseng producing nations. In addition, the review sets an opportunity to check the status of ginseng (Korea) in the world and presents future direction by examining recent history of ginseng development in Korea, which is one of the world's largest ginseng distributers. Since ginseng is cultivated in limited areas due to its growth characteristics, ginseng distributing countries can be divided based on whether they grow it domestically or not. In general, four countries including South Korea, China, Canada, and the US are the biggest producers and their total production of fresh ginseng is approximately 79,769 tons which is more than 99% of 80,080 tons, the total ginseng production around the world. Ginseng is distributed to different countries in various forms such as fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, boiled and dried ginseng (Taekuksam), red ginseng and the related products, etc. and is consumed as food, dietary supplements, functional food, medical supplies, etc. Also, the world ginseng market including ginseng root and the processed products, is estimated to be worth $2,084 million. In particular, the size of the Korean market is $1,140 million which makes Korea the largest distributer in the world. Since the interests in alternative medicine and healthy food is increasing globally, the consumer market of ginseng with many features and the processed products are expected to expand continuously.

Characteristics of Korean ginseng varieties of Gumpoong, Sunun, Sunpoong, Sunone, Cheongsun, and Sunhyang

Jang-Ho Lee,Joon-Soo Lee,Woo-Saeng Kwon,Je-Yong Kang,Dong-Yun Lee,Jun-Gyo In,Yun-Soo Kim,Jiho Seo,In-Ho Baeg,Il-Moo Chang,Keith Grainger 고려인삼학회 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.2

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is an important medicinal herbs in Asia. However, ginsengvarieties are less developed. Method: To developed ginseng varieties, a pure line selection method was applied in this study. Results: Gumpoong was testing of 4-yr-old specimens in 2002, the proportions of the below-groundroots that were rusty colored for Gumpoong was 1.29 in Daejeon and 1.45 in Eumseong, whereas theproportions for its yellow berry variant were 2.60 and 2.45 in the two regions, respectively. Thus theGumpoong was resistant to root rust. Sunpoong has a high yielding property. Its average root weight is70.6 g for 6-yr-old roots. Its yield is 2.9 kg/1.62m2 and the rate of heaven- and earth-grade product is20.9%, which is very high compared to 9.4% for Yunpoong. Sunone is resistance to root rot and thesurvival rate of 4-yr-old roots was 44.4% in 1997, whereas that of the violet-stem variant landrace was21.7%. Sunhyang has content of arginyl-fructosyl-glucose (AFG), which produces the unique scent of redginseng, is 95.1 mmol/g and greater than the 30.8 mmol/g of Chunpoong in 6-yr-old plants. Sunun andCheongsun are being nurtured to protect genetic resources. Conclusion: Developed ginsneg varieties will be used as the basis for the protection of genetic resourcesand breeding. Jang-Ho Lee

발작성 심실상성 빈맥에 대한 전기 생리학적 연구

백상홍 ( Baeg Sang Hong ),양종목 ( Yang Jong Mog ),정욱성 ( Jeong Ug Seong ),전승석 ( Jeon Seung Seog ),노태호 ( No Tae Ho ),박인수 ( Park In Su ),김재형 ( Kim Jae Hyeong ),최규보 ( Choe Gyu Bo ),홍순조 ( Hong Sun Jo ) 대한내과학회 1992 대한내과학회지 Vol.42 No.4

발작성 심실상성빈맥 환자에서 전기생리학적 검사를 실시하여 빈맥이 유발된 26명을 대상으로 빈맥의 발생기전에 따른 임상특징 및 빈맥시 심전도 및 전기생리학적 검사소견을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 전기생리학적 검사에서 계획전기자극에 의한 빈맥의 유발율은 76%였다. 2) 발작성 심실상성 빈맥의 발생기전은 불현성 우회로를 이용한 방실회귀가 80%로 가장 흔하였고 방실결절회귀 15%, 자동성 심방빈맥이 5%였다. 3) 환자는 연령 및 빈맥시 심박동수는 빈맥기전에 따라 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 방실회귀성 빈맥군이 비교적 젊은 연령 및 빠른 심박동수를 보였다. 4) 기능적 각차단은 방실회귀에서 4예 관찰되었다. 5) QRS alternans는 방실회귀에서 3예 관찰되었다. 6) 빈맥이 심전도에서 P파 및 QRS군 관계의 분석(RP/RR) 이 회귀성 빈맥기전의 감별에 유용하였다(p<0.05). 7) His속 전기도에서 VA 간격은 방실회귀성 빈맥시 70 msec 이상(103.1±18.9msec), 방실결절회귀 빈맥에서 60 msec 이하 (36.6±25.1 msec)로 빈맥기전 감별에 유용하였다(p<0.05). 8) 방실회귀성 빈맥시 심전도의 유도 I의 P파 모양이 부전도로 위치 추정에 도움이 되었다. In this study, the frequency of mechanisms of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) were evaluated by analyzing the electrophysiologic findings of 26 patients with SVT without preexicitation between November 1987 and August 1990. The induction of tachycardia by programmed electrical stimulation and the determination of mechanism of SVT were performed by baseline electrophysiologic (EP) study in drug free status. The study group included 14 males and 12 females with ages rangiang from 16 to 54 years (mean±SD; 35.6±12.8). All patients had structurally normal heart except the 7 mitral value prolapse. We also compared the clinical findings, surface EKG during tachycardia and EP study findings according to the mechanism of SVT. The results were as follows: 1) In EP study, programmed stimulation induced sustained SVT was 20 of the 26 patients(induction rate 76 %). 2) Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) using concealed bypass tract was the most common mechanism of SVT (80%), atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) was the second (15%) and the remainder was increased automaticity of the atrium (5%). 3) The age of the patients and their heart rates during tachycardia were not significantly different among the mechanism of SVT. 4) Functional bundle branch block during reciprocating tachycardia appeared in the AVRT group (4/16 cases). 5) The alternations of QRS during reciprocating tachycardia appeared in the AVRT group (3/16 cases). 6) The relationship between P wave and QRS complex (RP/RR) during tachycardia was useful in differentiating the mechanism of SVT (p<0.05). 7) The ventriculoatrial interval on His-bundle electrogram was more than 70 msec in the AVRT group, whereas this was less than 60 mesc in the AVNRT group. 8) In the AVRT group. P wave morphology and axis in the lead I was useful to determine the site of accessory pathway.

Characteristics of Korean ginseng varieties of Gumpoong, Sunun, Sunpoong, Sunone, Cheongsun, and Sunhyang

Lee, Jang-Ho,Lee, Joon-Soo,Kwon, Woo-Saeng,Kang, Je-Yong,Lee, Dong-Yun,In, Jun-Gyo,Kim, Yun-Soo,Seo, Jiho,Baeg, In-Ho,Chang, Il-Moo,Grainger, Keith The Korean Society of Ginseng 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.2

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is an important medicinal herbs in Asia. However, ginseng varieties are less developed. Method: To developed ginseng varieties, a pure line selection method was applied in this study. Results: Gumpoong was testing of 4-yr-old specimens in 2002, the proportions of the below-ground roots that were rusty colored for Gumpoong was 1.29 in Daejeon and 1.45 in Eumseong, whereas the proportions for its yellow berry variant were 2.60 and 2.45 in the two regions, respectively. Thus the Gumpoong was resistant to root rust. Sunpoong has a high yielding property. Its average root weight is 70.6 g for 6-yr-old roots. Its yield is 2.9 kg/$1.62m^2$ and the rate of heaven- and earth-grade product is 20.9%, which is very high compared to 9.4% for Yunpoong. Sunone is resistance to root rot and the survival rate of 4-yr-old roots was 44.4% in 1997, whereas that of the violet-stem variant landrace was 21.7%. Sunhyang has content of arginyl-fructosyl-glucose (AFG), which produces the unique scent of red ginseng, is $95.1{\mu}mol/g$ and greater than the $30.8{\mu}mol/g$ of Chunpoong in 6-yr-old plants. Sunun and Cheongsun are being nurtured to protect genetic resources. Conclusion: Developed ginsneg varieties will be used as the basis for the protection of genetic resources and breeding.

한국 중년여성에서 내장지방 축적이 당질 대사에 미치는 영향

허갑범 ( Heo Gab Beom ),안광진 ( An Gwang Jin ),이현철 ( Lee Hyeon Cheol ),임승길 ( Im Seung Gil ),이영해 ( Lee Yeong Hae ),이종호 ( Lee Jong Ho ),김명중 ( Kim Myeong Jung ),백인경 ( Baeg In Gyeong ),박유경 ( Park Yu Gyeong ),이 대한내과학회 1993 대한내과학회지 Vol.44 No.5

연구배경 : 한국인에서는 비만의 정도가 서구인에서 보다 아직은 낮을지라도 지방분포 측면으로 볼 때 중심성 비만을 보일지라도 컴퓨터 단층촬영상 내장형 비만일 경우 대사질환과 더 밀접한 관련이 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 건강한 55예의 중년여성들의 자발적인 참여로 한국중년여성에서 비만의 형태가 당질대상 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 방법 : 비만의 지표로 허리와 엉덩이 둘레비율, 체질량지수(BMI), 표준체중백분율(PIBW)과 컴퓨터 단층촬영을 통한 내장지방 면적, 피하지방 면적 등을 측정하였다. 혈압, 식품섭취량과 하루 필요열량을 조사하였으며 내당능 검사를 시행하여 포도당, 인슐린, C-petide, 유리지방산 농도를 분석하였다. 또한 중성지방 LDL, HDL, total cholesterol도 분석하였다. 결과 : 비만의 지표들 중 내장지방 면적이 혈압, 혈청지질과 당부하 검사치들과 가장 많은 상관성을 보여주었다. 내장지방 면적이 10000㎜² 이상인 20예의 내장형 비만군에서 7400㎜² 이하인 18예의 피하형 비만형 비만군과 비교하여 나이, 체중, PIBW, BMI, % body fat이 비슷한데도 불구하고 혈청 중성지방, 공복 및 당부하시기 유리지방산, 당, 인슐린, C-peptide의 농도들이 보여졌으며 필요열량보다 과다한 열량을 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다. 내장형 비만인들이라도 당질대사의 이상을 보여주는 경우 당질대사가 정산인 경우와 비교하여 내장지방 면적은 비슷하면서 체중과 피하지방 면적의 감소, 당부하시 유리지방산과 당 면적의 증가와 인슐린과 C-peptide 면적의 감소를 보여주었으며 열량섭취와 필요열량의 비율이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 이상의 결과들은 내장형 비만인에서 인슐린 분비능의 경미한 감소는 심한 인슐린 저항으로 인해 당뇨병을 유발할 수 있다는 것을 보여주었다. 또한 1일 필요열량과 비교하여 과잉된 열량의 섭취가 내장형 비만의 부분적인 이유라는 것을 알 수 있었다. Backgrounds: Although Koreans are generally leaner than people in America, they have a tendency to central adipose tissue distribution. Central obesity with visceral fat accumulation, measured by computed tomography, can cause metabolic complications. We determined the relation between obesity and glucose metabolism in 55 Korean middle-aged women. Methods: Anthropometric parameters and visceral and subcutaneous fat areas at the umbilical level were determined as indices of obesity. Nutrient intake, serum levles of lipids and response areas of glucose, C-peptide, insulin, and free fatty acid (FFA) during oral glucose tolerance test were determineds. Results: Visceral fat area correlated the most significantly with biochemical parameters among obese indices. The triglyceride level and the response area of FFA, glucose, insulin and C-peptide were all higher in the group of visceral-type obesity (n=20, visceral fat area>10000 mm²), than in the group of subcutaneous-type obesity (n=18, visceral fat area<7400 mm²), though percent ideal body weight was not different between two groups. Thirty five percents in the group of visceral-type obesity showed impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and non-insulin-dependent diabeyts mellitus (NIDDM). Body weight, subcutaneous fat area and the response areas of insulin and C-peptide were lower and the response areas of FFA and glucose were higher in visceral-type obese patients with IGT and NIDDM thatn in visceral-type obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Conclusions: Our results indicate that increased visceral fat area can be associated with the development of NIDDM because of the severe insulin resistance, even when small amonunt of insulin secretion in decreased. Increased calorie intake and decrease physical activity could partly explain visceral fat accumulation in the intraabdominal cabity.

비만인에서 체중 감소가 당질 및 지질 대사에 미치는 영향

허갑범 ( Heo Gab Beom ),정윤석 ( Jeong Yun Seog ),박석원 ( Park Seog Won ),이현철 ( Lee Hyeon Cheol ),임승길 ( Im Seung Gil ),이영해 ( Lee Yeong Hae ),이종호 ( Lee Jong Ho ),백인경 ( Baeg In Gyeong ),박유경 ( Park Yu Gyeong ),이 대한내과학회 1993 대한내과학회지 Vol.44 No.4

연구배경 : 비만증 치료의 중요한 목적은 체중을 감소시키고 감소된 체중을 유지하는 것이다. 본 연구는 비만인에게 식이, 운동 및 행동요법을 포함하는 체중조절 프로그램을 시행하여, 체중감소가 당질 및 지질대사에 미치는 영향을 규명하였다. 방법 : 건강한 중년의 과체중 및 비만인 여성 30예와 남성 9예가 6개월간의 체중조절 프로그램에 참여하였다. 체중조절 프로그램을 시작하기 전과 시작한 후 6개월에 인체계측과 컴퓨터 단층촬영을 통한 내장지방, 피하지방 면적 등을 측정하였다. 내당능 검사를 시행하여 포도당, 인슐린, C-peptide, 유리지방산 농도를 분석하였으며 중성지방, LDL, HDI, total 콜레스테롤도 측정하였다. 결과 : 체중조절 프로그램에 참여 전보다 6개월 후에 여성 3.9 kg, 남성 4.1 kg의 체중 감소를 보여주었다. 경미한 체중감소는 혈청 LDL과 총 콜레스테롤을 여성과 남성 모두에서 23 내지 48% 감소시켰으며, HDL과 총 콜레스테롤 비율을 50 내지 130% 증가시켰다. 여성과 남성 모두 연구 시작시에 총 복부지방 면적은 유의한 차이는 없었으나 여성의 경우 피하형 비만이었던 반면에 남성의 경우는 내장형 비만을 보였다. 체중조절 프로그램 참여 전에 여성과 비교하여 남성에서 혈청 중성지방, 유리지방산과 인슐린 면적들이 증가되어 있었다. 체중 감소시에 총 복부지방 면적이 여성과 남성 모두에서 유의한 감소를 보였으며 특히 내장지방 면적은 남성에서 유의하게 감소되었다. 남성의 경우 내장지방의 감소가 유리지방산을 감소시켰으며, 유리지방산의 감소는 중성지방을 49%, 인슐린 면적을 56% 감소시켜 주었다. 결론 : 이상의 결과는 비만인들에서 보여지는 비정상적인 혈청 지질과 지단백은 경미한 체중 감소시에 정상화되어서 심혈관질환의 유병율을 감소시킬 수 있으리라는 것을 예측할 수 있었다. 또한 6개월이라는 장기간에 거린 올바른 식품선택 방법과 운동법을 교육함으로써 비만인들에게 올바른 체중조절법을 습관화시켜 주어 감소된 체중을 유지하는데 효과적이라는 것을 알 수 있었다. Background: The purpose of obesity treatment is to attain optimal body weight and to maintain weight loss. We determined the effects of weight loss with a program including dietary education, exercise and behavioral modification of lifestyle on obese subjects. Methods: Middle-aged obese women (n=30) and men (n=9) participated in a 6-month weight-management program. Anthropometric parameters and visceral and subcutaneous fat areas at the umbilical level were determined before and after weight loss. Serum levels of lipids and response areas of glucose, C-peptide, insulin and free fatty acid(FFA) during oral glucose tolerance test were determined. Results: Body weight fell and average of 3.9 kg(6.3) in women and 4.1 kg (5.4%) in men. Modest weight loss showed a 23 to 48% decrease in the levels of serum LDL and total colesteorl and a 50 to 130% increase in the ratio of HDL to total cholesterol in all subjects. Although intraabdominal total fat area of females before weight loss was not different from males, females showed subcutaneous-type obesity and males visceral-type obesity. Compared with females, males before weight loss showed and increase in the levels of triglyceride, FFA and insulin. Although weight loss caused a decrease in intraabdominal total fat area in all subjects, a significant decrease in visceral fat area was only shown in men. Decreased visceral fat in males lowered FFA level and decreased FFA level lowered serum triglyceride level (49%) and response area of insulin (56%) in men. Conclusion: The results suggest that modest weight reduction through a weight management program can be viable approach to help normalize plasma lipids and lipoproteins in obese individuals. Modest and gradual weight loss can also help obese individuals succeed in the difficult task of losing weight and maintaining this substantial weight loss.