김춘수의 시적 정서와 기독교적 심상

김효중 ( Hyo Joong Kim ) 세계문학비교학회 ( 구 한국세계문학비교학회 ) 2007 世界文學比較硏究 Vol.19 No.-

This Article is a research on Choon Soo Kim`s poetic Emotion and Images based on the Christianity. To Jesus, the man in poverty should be first. Jesus as an arnachist on the basis of his anti-historical thought, because Jesus stands on the side of the poor and the weak against the rich and powerful. In Kim`s poems, Jesus appears as a character of solitary existence. Jesus is not portrayed as a historical being but as poetic reality that removes the thought of dichotomy and closes in upon our being. Kim finds the view of his poetry. the so-called Aesthetics Uselessness, in the spirit of Jesus. That the common notion which insists that labour is more worthy than play should be removed. We must recognize that the value of play is as the value of labour. Every means to that end or that ideology is always justified. Jesus endures the terrible pain of crucification to save mankind from evil. Choon-Soo Kim sees a high souled person in Jesus who opposed violence with his nonresistance. Kim thinks that the soul Jesus can overcome the untruth of history made by man. In short, Kim doesn`t trust history made by man. He writes in his poems of the dreams and realities made by the solitary existence of Jesus.

플래그를 이용한 항공 VHF 통신환경에서의 적응형 CSMA/CA 프로토콜

김용중,박용태,박효달 한국항행학회 2003 韓國航行學會論文誌 Vol.7 No.2

본 논문에선 플래그를 이용한 전송시의 충돌 완화 및 재전송 슬롯 선택 방식의 변형을 통하여 CSMA/CA(Carrier Sensing Multiple Access/Cdllision Avoidance) 프로토콜을 항공용 VHF 통신에 적합하게 변형시켰다. 일반적으로 CSMA/CA 프로세스는 경쟁 서비스에서 충돌이 일어났을 때 재전송 지연시간만큼 기다리게 되고 경쟁윈도우의 크기가 2배로 커진다. 이로 인해 부하가 증가하면 지연시간이 커지고 처리량이 감소한다. 이를 해결하기 위해 본 논문에서는 충돌 플래그를 이용하여 본래의 경쟁 윈도우의 크기 변화과정을 변형시켰으며 CSMA/CA 전체 상태 천이 과정에서 충돌시의 과정을 단축시켰다. 또한 패킷이 생성된 상태에서 충돌이 일어나면 플래그를 이용하여 초기에 증가된 경쟁윈도우를 갖고 Backoff 모드에 진입함으로써 재충돌 확률을 줄였다. 시뮬레이션을 수행한 결과 부하가 증가하여도 처리량 및 지연 시간에 대해 좋은 특성을 나타냈으며 제안된 프로토콜은 항공용 VHF 통신에 적합함을 확인하였다. In this paper, CSMA/CA protocol is modified for aeronautical VHF communication through collision alleviation and the change of retransmission slot selection method in flag used transmission. When collision occurred in the contention period of CSMA/CA process, it si generally waiting for retransmission delay and it has the double size of CW(Contention Window). To solve this problem, this paper modifies the change procedure of original contention window size and reduces the state transition in collision among the whole of it. Also, in this paper we reduces the second collision probability through the station has to enter Backoff mode with increase contention window in the first collision. In the result of simulation, it is verified that it has good property in throughput and delay, So the proposed protocol is suitable for aeronautical VHF communication

문학적 번역론

김효중 서울大學校 人文學硏究所 1999 人文論叢 Vol.42 No.-

Translation has much more complicated problems in itself than in general accepted. Translation is almost impossible and very difficult especially when it comes to translation of literary works. In 1984, the researchers who were involved for many years in the study of literary translation in Go¨ttingen university, Germany, declared with determination that linguistic theories of translation cannot contribute to the translation of literary works basically, We can assume that literary translation is something really subtle and specific. The reason why it is difficult to translate literary works is because literary translation is not a transposition of linguistic cords but is deeply related to cultural factors. For two thousand years traditional(prescientific) translation theory was concerned only with outstanding literary works. The most influential concept in the history of translation is the dichotomy of word and sense, whicch traditional translation theory never managed to overcome, and which still besets translation theory today. It was Cicero in the first century BC who departed from the dogma that translation necessarily consisted of word-for-word rendering and so formulated the alternative: "Non ut interpres … sed ut orator". For the next two thousand years translation theory was mainly limited to a heated discussion of this dichotomy. Well over a thousand years later, in 1530, M. Luther was to fight a similar battle with the Church authorities of his time over the translation of the Bible into Germany. He defended the same basic principles as St. Jerome's, but his words were a good deal more aggressive. The debate over the merits of the "faithful" and the "free" - the latter culminating in the "belles infideles" - continued to rage in Europe, and it found eloquent expression in Germany during the early years of the 19th century, when translation blossomed again with the romantic movement. After the announcement of Schleichermacher's well known treatise "Ueber die verschiedenen Methoden des U¨bersetzens(1813)" the emphasis has shifted from the category "not … but" to the more tolerant alternative "either…or". Schleichermacher makes it clear in his treatise that favours the Method of Verfremdung, or translation that is faithful to the original. Apart from the polarized approach represented in the dichotomy, translation theory also presented the means of differenciating and categorizing translation types. This approach was the one adopted by Dryden(1680). Here he distinguishes between metaphrase and imitation; between these two extremes is paraphrase. The two dominated methods in translation studies recently are those focused on primarily literary works, rejecting theoretical presuppositions, normative rules and linguistic method and those focused on linguistic matters, claiming a scientific approach and rejecting alogical solutions and subjective speculation. Naturally literary translation dismissed any scientific linguistic analysis; linguists dismissed non-scientific literary analysis. The Prague Structuralists viewed texts as incorporated within semiotic networks and languages as codes of complex language elements that are confined according to certain rule. Levy´ also incorporated the interpretive aspect into his translation theory, basing such deduction upon W. Quine's hypothesis that translation meaning can be logically interpreted. With the establishment of the semiotic horizons which come into play in the course of translation, and with the posting of the interpretative component which enables the translator to grasp the meaning of the text in question, Levy´'s was in a position to present his translation theory. Of primary importance in Levy´'s model is that the literary quality of the works of art should not be lost. To ensure the transfer of "literariness", Levy´ foregrounds the particular communicative aspect of specific formal features of the original author's style that gives the works of art its specific character. Levy´ bases this aspect of his translation theory on another of the founding members of the Prague linguistic circle, V. Mathesius. The formalist's belief that poeticity was a formal quality, something that could be separated out of work, is crucial to understanding Levy´'s translation theory. In "La the´orie de l'expression et la traduction(1970)" Miko reports on his progress, defining what he calls the "expressive categories" of language which lend it its artistic quality. Popovic˘'s project begins where the work of Levy´ and Miko leaves off: he begins the comparative work of locating the conformities and the differences that occur when a literary work is translated and explain the relationship of the translated work to the original. Instead of prescribing a technique which eliminates, loses and smooths over changes, he accepts the fact that losses, gains, and changes are the necessary parts of the process because of inherent difference of intellectual and aesthetic values in the two cultures. He introduces a new term "shift of expression" to characterize this process. The scholars of the Manipulation School viewed translation studies as a branch of comparative literature. This school is centered round the Dutch-speaking area and is represented mainly by scholars such as Lefevere, Lambert, Hermans and some Israeli scholars such as Toury and Even-Zohar. According to Hermans all translations imply, from point of view of the target literature, a degree of manipulation of the source text for a certain purpose. Hence their starting-point is the exact opposite of that represented by the linguistically oriented school. The translation theory of this school is based on the concept of the literary polysystem going back to the Russian Formalists and the Prague Structuralists. Such a polysystem is not only characterized by constant shifts and changes, but so by internal oppositions, including between primary and secondary models and types. Such primary texts are the innovative ones, introducing into a literary polysystem new ideas, new methods, new ways of looking at literature and world. The secondary texts are the conservative ones which confirm and uphold the existing system. From this essentially target-oriented starting-point, the Manipulation scholars have developed their own tenets, methods and theoretical models. Their emphasis on the target text naturally leads to a primary descriptive approach. In this view, literary translation is seen as one of the elements participating in tile constant struggle for survival and domination.

한천, Sodium Alginate 및 Carrageenan첨가가 유과(부수게)바탕의 품질에 미치는 영향

김중만,전예정,박효숙,송영애,백승화,김명곤 한국식생활문화학회 2005 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.20 No.1

This study was to evaluate effects of agar, sodium alginate and carrageenan on quality of Yugwa(Busuge) base. In the base preparation agar, sodium alginate and carrageenan were added 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0%(w/w), respectively. Volume, shape, hardness. color(L, a and b value), crude lipid content and sensory evaluation(taste and crispness) of the Yugwa base was measured. Volume of the base was higher than control in case of 0.1~0.5%(w/w) agar, sodium alginate and carrageenan, of which sodium alginate was the highest. Shapes were similar to control. Hardness and crude lipid content was decreased proportional to amount of addition of the three seesweed polysaccharides. the whiteness(L-value) was increased but the yellowness(a-value) and the redness(bvalue) decreased. Taste and crispness were increased in the case of 0.1~1.0%(w/w) of sodium alginate, but agar and carrageenan decreased.

문학작품 번역에서 문화 적용의 문제

김효중 한국어문학회 2005 語文學 Vol.0 No.87

After the 1970s, a transitional period from to pragmatism in linguistics, meant that text-linguistics was used for translation studies. It was only during the late 1980s that the concept of culture was introduced into translation studies. Since then, translation studies have seen a dynamic development which has its roots in holistic-gestalt principles from the prototypical theory. These developments have resulted in the transition to Skopostheorie. This theory puts more emphasis on the function of target language texts than on the original language. For the last twenty or more years, translation scholars have paid attention to culture in their studies and have recognised that it was crucial to begin inter-cultural studies for the optimal translation. As was shown by the Wortfeldtheorie, each language has different systems of concepts and values. To put it more simply, translation is a matter of culture, not a matter of transferring linguistic signs. This realization helped to make the Skopostheorie seem valid to the scholars' eyes. What counts most here is to set up a concrete concept of culture that helps to clarify the relation between a culture as social system and the features of it expressed in text. When Heinrich's defined culture recently as a specific constructional system that can be sub-categorized, he enabled systemization of cultural factors in the texts. This progress forms the core of Skopostheorie and is expected to be of great influence to the theory. The author's point of view is that culture, or the fundamentals of Skopostheorie, consists of diverse factors differences and coincidences. Therefore, it is very hard to define the concept of ‘function’itself. This leads to the conclusion that inter-disciplinary efforts are crucial for the further development of the theory. In addition, it will be of benefit to introduce the concept of ‘Funktionem’in order to organize a more systemized and objective cultural translation theory.

최신 번역이론의 관점에서 본 1930년대 한국시 번역 : 주로 시문학파의 번역을 중심으로 Focused on Simunhakpa's Heritage

김효중 배달말학회 2003 배달말 Vol.33 No.-

본 연구는 아직까지 우리나라에 번역비평이 거의 이루어지지 않은 점을 감안하여 1930년대의 번역 특히 시문학파의 번역을 면밀히 분석하고자 하는데에 목표가 있다. 번역비평의 기준을 최근에 번역학계에서 대두되고 있는 문화번역이론에 두고 박용철, 정지용, 김영랑이 추구한 번역방법이나 태도를 가능한 한 객관적으로 조명하고자 하였다. 위의 세 번역자들은 언어 문제에서는 역어 즉 우리말 중심의 번역을 하고 있고 비록 원작에 미약하게 반영되어 있지만 이데올로기, 역사와 관습, 종교등 언어 외적 문제를 고려하여 번역한 것으로 평가된다. 그리고 이들은 시번역에서 문제시되는 원시에서의 운율번역은 우리말의 어미 반복을 통한 각운으로써 원시의 운율을 살렸고 문장 부호와 시행을 임의로 조정하였는데 이것은 독자를 염두에 두고 번역한 결과로 보인다. 이들이 번역하는 과정에서 가능한 한 시적 분위기를 창출할 수 있는 어휘를 골라 썼고 이를 위해서 새로운 낱말을 독창적으로 만들어 쓰기도 한 것은 국어의 어휘를 풍부히 했다는 데 의의가 있으며 우리 문화를 창조하려는 의욕에 힘입은 결과라고 할 수 있다. 그리고 이것은 번역이 번역자의 언어능력과 창조성의 문제가 특히 중시되어야 한다는 문화번역이론의 핵심에 맞닿는 부분이다. 한편, 어떻게 번역하는가 하는 문제는 원작이 지닌 높은 문학적 가치를 역어로써 창출하는 동시에 원작의 특성을 어떻게 살리느냐가 관건임을 고려할 때 본고의 논의의 대상이 된 번역자들은 각각 번역자로서 역량을 발휘한 것으로 평가된다. 문화번역이론의 궁극목표는 텍스트의 기능에 초점을 맞추는 것이므로 모든 것이 역문 중심으로 행해진다는 관점에서 1930년대 한국 시번역은 그 방법적 측면에서 원문 중심보다는 역문 중심의 번역이고 독자를 최대한 배려하는 가운데 작업이 이루어졌다. 그 결과 이들 세 번역자는 1930년대 한국번역문학사의 한 획을 그은 셈이다. As was discussed in the article, Park Yong-chul, Kim Young-rang, and Jeong Ji-yong put more weight on the target language or Korean, when translating, while considering the other issues such as ideology, history, customs, and religion. Park's Lilke, Kim's Yeats, and Jeong's Blake do not present too conspicuous a difference in terms of ideology yet. Surely, though, these Korean artists saw their foreign counterparts' works of art through the glasses of Confucianism and the conventions of the ancient philosophical tradition. Their translation reflects then-Korean society to a degree. They surely had the readers of the target texts in mind. In the meantime, Jeong Ji-yong selected words carefully or even created new ones he thought compatible to the poetic atmosphere; this enriched the treasury of the Korean language to a large extent. The creative power inspired by these efforts shows the fact that translator's linguistic competence and creativity are essential part of translation in which cultural aspects of both the source and target texts are not ignored. The recently spot-lighted theory of translation, or the cultural translation theory focuses on the functions of the texts, thus being centered on the target texts. From this viewpoint, the translation of the Korean modem poems of the 1930's was conducted with the emphasis on the target texts and their readers. These three translators who were also a poet gave fully play to their literary abilities marking the decisive moments in translation history of modern Korea.

CNS/ATM 구축을 위한 항공 이동 데이터 링크 응용 시스템의 구축에 관한 연구

김용중,박효달 한국항행학회 1999 韓國航行學會論文誌 Vol.3 No.2

항공이동통신분야에서는 아날로그형 음성통신의 한계점을 극복하고, 운용자의 업무 부담을 경감할 목적으로 항공이동데이터통신망(VDL)을 이용한 데이터 통신이 항공운용통신(AOC) 분야에서 발전되었으며, 이를 항공교통서비스(ATS) 분야에 적용하기 위한 연구가 국제민간항공기구(ICAO)의 CNS/ATM 구축 권고에 의하여 미국, 유럽 등 항공 선진국에서 진행되고 있다. 본 논문은 항공교통서비스 분야에 VDL을 이용한 데이터 링크 서비스를 제공하기 위하여 디지털형의 출발전비행허가(PDC) 시스템을 개발한 내용의 결과이다. 개발된 PDC 시스템은 하나의 PC급 단일 시스템으로 항공교통관 제소, VDL 통신망, 관제사 등이 원격으로 연동되어 실시간 및 동시에 PDC 정보를 처리하여야 한다. 이를 위하여 제안된 기법은 하나의 프로세서에 여러 개의 쓰레드를 갖는 멀티 쓰레드 방식이 도입되어 설계되었다. 멀티 쓰레드 방식이 사용된 이유는 시스템의 간소화, 효율적인 내부 자원의 이용, 데이터 처리에 있어서 우수한 성능을 발휘하기 때문이다. 본 논문은 김포공항 PDC 시스템의 구조 및 설계 내용을 기술하고, 실제 운용 결과에 대한 데이터를 분석하였다. 김포공항 PDC 시스템의 운용결과를 이용한 분석한 결과, 운용초기단계로 모든 항공기에 시스템이 구축되지 않아 매일 평균 25대의 항공기가 운용하여 평균 10%의 이용률을 나타내며, 최대 34대의 항공기가 이용하고 있다. 메시지 송/수신에 걸리는 시간을 분석한 결과, 항공기의 PDC 요청부터 MAS의 수신에 소요되는 시간은 최소 14초부터 최대 983초(16분 23초)까지로써, 평균 122초(2분 2초)의 시간을 나타내었다. 또한 신뢰성을 확인하기 위하여 가용도를 계산한 결과 99.7%로써 상당히 신뢰할 수 있는 수준이었다. 또한, 다중 처리를 위하여 사용된 방식인 멀티 쓰레드 방식이 적절히 동작함을 확인할 수 있었다. 앞으로, 전체 연동 시스템이 자동화로 구축될 경우, PDC의 요청부터 발송 및 확인까지 상당히 짧은 시간 내에 이루어져 관제업무 능률을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다.

萬海 詩 象徵 技法의 女性性

김효중 대구효성가톨릭대학교 사회과학연구소 1999 女性問題硏究 Vol.24 No.-

This article is dealing with essential characteristics of symbols in Man-hae's poems. The one of them is an abstract one which is related to the word 'way' and the other a natural one related to the words 'willow', 'flower' and 'gold'. The author developed her idea about those characteristics especially in reference to the several poems of his own. For intance, 「My way」, 「Stuck on the road」, 「Planted willow」, 「Dream without Slumber」, and 「ln the Shrine for Non-kae as her sweetheart」, which were not dicussed fully enough. And finally the author reaches the conclusion mentioned below. In his poem 「My way」, Man-hae's points of view about life and the universe is clearly manifested. According to his own view, there are only two ways for him to go. One is connected to his beloved one, so called 'nim(님)'. The another stretched to the resolute death. If he couldn't reach the place where his beloved one exists and be rested in peace by him, then he would have no other choices than to take the way of death resolutely, without any hesitation at all. The word 'beloved one' has various meanings according to the readers, but it generally means 'the absolute being', and Man-hae could sacrifice even his own life for it. This means that he tried to find a way to overcome the dreadful situations in those days and also resisted actively against the Japanese pressure while other Korean literary people were just decadent and hopeless. The poem, 「Dream without Slumber」 is based on the Buddhism. It says, "one who pursues worthlessness can realize the truth only after 'crashing' himself against the worthlessness itself". This poem is written in a very plain words, but the reader should appreciate it seriously to figure out the hidden meanings. 「Planted willow」 is rather short than the rest of his works. In this poem, however, Man-hae's active attitude is impressively revealed and his boundless imagination creates a consistent and transcendent realm. In the poem 「In the shrine for Non-kae as her sweetheart」, Man-hae uses the word 'flower' as a general and individual symbol. That 'flower' doesn't wither away but will last forever. 'Gold' is often used as one of the images along with other materials like pearl, diamond and jewel in his poems, for instance, 「Don't leave me」, 「A serene night」, 「life」 and 「In the shrine for Non-kae as her sweetheart」. The image of 'gold' is Man-hae's poectic device, which reveals how noble, immaculate and firm the existence of his beloved one is. And 'the process of self-command' is the unique feature of his poems. Moreover, the feminine persona in his poems performs the efforts towards the self-command in a very mild and gentle way. The literary-historical value of his poems can be defined in a various ways. But according to the author, the fundamental of his poems is the symbolic meaning of 'generality' in his poems which got its shape under the specific period of Korean history when people desperately experienced the absense of God. But accepting the very fact that we, human beings, are always lacking and wanting, Man-hae tried to seek for the truth which is often described as his beloved me. And that makes his poems to be pertinent even nowadays.

한국 현대시와 가톨리시즘 : 정지용을 중심으로 With the special reference to Chung Ji Yong's poem

김효중 대구효성가톨릭대학교 교육연구소 1998 가톨릭敎育硏究 Vol.8 No.-

By accepting Christianity, korean modern poetry enlarges its range of the experiences and its materials. It is also endowed with formalities as a modern poetry. Chung Ji Yong, korean poet, who was from christian family, had deep faith in christianity. So he wrote several poems like 「Saint Andrea Kim」 from the the point of view of christianity. Chung, originally, used linguistic consciousness or modern techniques of expression. Therefore he secured more advanced level of poetry than that of the nineteenth` poetry. That`s why he is estimated as prominent poet who founded the basis of modern poetry in the history of Korean poetry.

번역등가 설정의 문제점과 방법에 관한 연구

김효중 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1995 연구논문집 Vol.50 No.1

Der Ziel der Ubersetzungswissenschaft soll die theoretisch-methodologischen Grundlagen liefern, die erlauben den Ubersetzungsprozeβ adaguat zu beschrieben, Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Ubersetzbarkeit, festzustellen und dem Ubersetzer Arbeitshypothesen und Ubersetzungsstrategien an die Hand zu geben. Die Herstellung des Ubersetzungsprozeβes, der das Ubersetzen einerseits als Verstehens-und Auslegungsprozeβ, anderseits als schopferisch-kunstlerischen, rein subjektiven Umsetzungsprozeβbestimmt, soll der Kernpunkt in der Ubersetzungswissenschaft sein. Dabei muβman die Sprach-und auβersprachlichen Aspekte des Ubersetzens ins Zentrum stellen. Der Begriff der Aguivalenz spielt in der linguistisch und Kommunikationswissenschaftlich Orientierten Ubersetzungswissenschaft eine Zentrale Rolle. In der Ubersetzungswissenschaft werden sprachliche Einheiten verschiedener Art und Große einander zugeordnet werden mussen. Der Aguivalenzbegriff wird ganz unterschiedlich und Verschieden gefaijt. Die Ubersetzungswissenschaft untersucht die Bedingungen von Aguivalenz und beschreibt die Zuordnungen von Außerungen und Texten in zwei Sprachen, fur die das Kriterium der Ubersetzungsaguivalenz gilt. Der Hauptpunkt dieses Artikels ist es zunachst, das Verlangen nach besseren Ubersetzung angelegt zu werden. Folgendes Punkte sind wichtig in diesem Zusammenhang. 1) Vom Gesichtspunkt der Syntax, Lexikologie Und stilistik her den Ausgangstext zu analysieren. 2) Die bei der Herstellung der Ubersetzungsaguivalenz herausgebildeten schwierigkeiten herauszufinden. 3) Vom Gesichtspunkt der semantischen und stilistischen Ubersetzungsaguivalenz her das Ubersetzungsresultat zu kritisieren. 4) Das Ubersetzungsresulat beim Sprecher der Ausgangssprache Uberpruft werden zu lassen. Allerdings besteht die schwierigkeit des Ubersetzens darin, daß alle Ubersetzungsprobleme nicht kinguistischer Art sind. Viele sind es im Sinne der sprachphilosophischen Einsicht, daßjede Sprache die Wirklichkeit immer nur partiell erfaßt.