Ownership Structure of Northeast Asian Countries

Seung Rok Park,Peter Drysdale,Shin Il Kang,In kie Hong 한국경제연구원 2004 한국경제연구원 연구보고서 Vol.2004-02 No.-

1 In the first paper “Determinants of Corporate Ownership Structure and their effects on Corporate Governance in South Korea” by Shin-Il Kang, Korea’s unique characteristics, specifically the ownership structure and corporate governance are examined. The author takes a broad perspective by incorporating corporate culture, business leadership, and ownership structure in Korean corporation. Furthermore, he discusses the substitutability of Korean specific features given the rapidly changing economic environment. Under the Korea’s Chaebol structure, controlling shareholders, who are the real owner of firms, have exercised ownership rights while having a large proportion of shares aided by cross shareholdings. This has been possible through the pyramid ownership control structure as well as cross-shareholding among subsidiaries. Market circumstances related to management costs are not favorable to the firm with a dispersed ownership structure. In Korea, that’s the reason why ownership is concentrated. Given such a structure, the owners minimize costs related to management’s risks. Furthermore it proposes that leadership(firm culture) and ownership are substitutes. Concentrated ownership is needed when the leadership is not mature like Korean Chaebol. 2 The second paper “Issues in Japanese Corporate Governance” by Peter Drysdale examines some of the major issues of Japanese corporate governance today. The role of that main bank in corporate governance and inter corporate shareholding has been well documented. Although Japanese banks have rigorously monitored firms and have had an enormous influence on firms’ decisions and strategies through the owning of shares, firm performance under such a main bank system has not always been positive. Opposing views and their rationale regarding the pessimism behind the performance of firms in the main bank system are also explained in this paper. 3 The paper “Corporate Governance in China” by In Kie Hong discusses the current status and the restructuring efforts of China’s corporate governance. In China, state shareholders possess strong control rights over listed companies allowing them to exercise control even beyond their proportion of shareholding. Various governmental organizations(under the Communist Party) acting as representatives of the state as shareholders have influenced firms enormously, particularly regarding matters of organizing the board of directors as well as electing management. However since they have little incentives to manage state(national) assets and have insufficient capacity to monitor a large number of firms of which they are in charge, the principal-agent problem tends to prevail, which adds to the difficulties in preserving the value of state assets as well. 4 The last paper “Ownership Concentration and Corporate Performances in the Northeast Asian Countries” by Seung-Rok Park compares the relationship between corporate governance structure and corporate performance in Korea, Japan, and China by empirically examining the accounting corporate performances and technical efficiency measures. In the case of Korea, ownership concentration was shown to have positively affected all corporate accounting performance variables such as profit margin, return on shareholders’ funds, return on total assets, and return on capital employed. Furthermore, it was also found that ownership concentration positively affected corporate performance by helping improve the technical efficiency of firms. Unlike Korea, in Japan, there was no sign of a positive effect of ownership concentration on the accounting corporate performance and technical efficiency. Moreover, in the case of China, ownership concentration positively affected profit margin and return on total assets, while no positive effects of ownership concentration were found on return on capital employed and return on shareholders’ funds. It is shown in this study that the difference in the rel

고속 디지털 뉴런프로세서의 구현에 관한 연구

홍봉화,이승주,조원경 경희대학교 산학협력기술연구원 1996 산학협력기술연구논문집 Vol.2 No.-

In this paper, we designed of the high speed neuron processor in order to digital neural networks. We designed of the MAC (Multiplier and Accumulator) opeation unit used residue number system without carry propagation for the high speed operation, and we implemented sigmoid active function which make it difficult to design neuron processor adapted to reference[10]. we designed of MAC operation unit and sigmoid proceeding unit are proved that it could run faster than 4.6ns, 16.9ns on the simulation, each order.

經營統制시스템의 設計와 運用에 관한 硏究

홍승범 德成女子大學校 1996 德成女大論文集 Vol.25 No.-

Management control can be defined as the system which has rhythm and systematic characteristics. Environment of management control system consists of organization structure, organization culture, behavioral factors, organization rules. If management control system fails to adapt itself to environment, it is difficult for the system to be effective or efficient in achieving organization's objectives. The design and operation of management control system of a organization depends on organization's environment uncertainty, management style of top management.

리얼리즘과 열린 예술작품

홍승용 대구대학교 인문과학 예술문화연구소 2002 人文科學硏究 Vol.24 No.-

Realist muß die Provokation des offenen Kunstwerks ernst nehmen. Der Begriff des offenen Kunstwerks von Umberto Eco entha¨lt zwei Bedeutung. Die erste ist, daß Kunstwerk im allgemeinen mannigfaltig gedeutet werden kann. Ecos Interesse konzentriert sich auf die zweite, daßdie Kunstwerke der Moderne mit besonderer Struktur aktive Parteinahme des Publikums herausfordern. Eco behauptet den ho¨heren Wert des offenen Kunstweks im zweiten Sinne nicht unmittelbar. Aber er verteidigt diese Art des Werks wegen deren Angemessenheit fu¨r die heutige kulturelle Situation, in der die Unbestimmtheit oder die porduktive Unordnung große Rolle spiele. Mit dem emanzipatorischen Interesse sucht Realist die relativ richtigste Widerspiegelung der gesellschaftlichen Widerspru¨che zu erringen, obwohl er die gesellschaftlich-geschichtliche Bedingtheit des Erkenntniswerts vom Kunstwerk und die Mannigfaltigkeit der Deutung nicht verneint. Er kann die Armut der Eindeutigkeit des Typischen u¨berwinden, indem er den Reichtum und die Dynamik der Wirklichkeit beachtet. Realist erkennt die Wichtigkeit des Publikums in der Vera¨nderung an, aber er u¨bergibt dem Leser nicht die Pflicht des Autors, - wenigstens fu¨r sich- als autonomes Subjekt sein Werk oder ein Hilfsmittel der Emanzipation zu produzieren.

보행시 하지체절의 에너지 교환

홍성표,김희수,이순호 忠南大學校體育科學硏究所 1996 體育科學硏究誌 Vol.14 No.1

This study is to represent basic datas of biomechanical work of human body which has measured precisely and datas on pathology and abnormal gaits paterns. 5 6th grader boys in Taejon city were attended in this experiment. Each student wore 8 landmarks on their lower leg joints and walked for 4 Km/h, 5 Km/h, and 6 Km/h on the tread mill. Mechanical energy of lower extremity segment by lower joint(thigh and shank) movement were measured in stance phase and swing phase by using 2 dimentional image analyzer, and which were evaluated energy of segment The conclusions were as fllowing; 1. Rotational kinetic energy change slightly in lower extremity segment, translational kinetic energy change in the biggest, and value of energy creat greater in swing phase than in stance phase. 2. Energy change in gait cycle increas in swing phase and decrease in stance phase. 3. Perfect energy change of lower extremity segment is not do.

稅法上 課稅時期에 관한 硏究

홍승범 德成女子大學校 1996 德成女大論文集 Vol.27 No.-

Timing in taxation affects economic transactions, resourses allocation and raises fairness issues. Two methods of determining the timing in taxation are accurual basis and cash basis. Current tax law of Korea uses right and liability determination basis. Right and liability determination basis lacks consistency and does not seem to consider fully economic effects of regulations. To study timing in taxation is a way of understanding of ecnomic effects of transations. Tax law should be revised carefully so that it reflect economic results of tax regulaions.

기능성 고분자 막의 기체 투과 특성

홍인권,이승범,김원일 단국대학교 1998 論文集 Vol.32 No.-

The permeation of gases through polymer membranes at temperatures above their glass transition, generally occurs by a solution-diffusion mechanism. This mechanism obeys to affinity difference between polymeric materials and gas molecules, various technologies, such as copolymerization, impregnation and so on, have been researched to improve the affinity of polymeric material for the gases. In this study, permeability and selectivity for some gases were obtained from steady-state rates of gas permeation through silicone rubber membrane which is prepared by supercritical fluid extraction method. The permeation rates were measured by means of a permeability apparatus of the variable volume type. The permeability was increased generally with permeation temperature and pressure. Silicone rubber membrane exhibits a higher permeability to CO_2 than to O_2, N_2. This result probably reflects the relatively high solubility of CO_2 in silicone rubber membrane, which is due to the affinity of the CO_2 molecules to the silicone rubber membrane. Since the separation power of CO_2/N_2, CO_2/O_2 was more than 200, and 100, it is able to separate CO_2 from the air, and the optimum temperature and pressure was 55℃, 60㎝Hg respectively. In future, it is possible that the silicone rubber membrane can be used for separation or concentration of CO_2 through experiment for mixed gas separation.

wmlTo.NET 모바일 웹 페이지 변환 시스템 설계 및 구현

홍인숙,김윤중,김승연 한밭대학교 정보통신전문대학원 2004 정보통신전문대학원 논문집 Vol.2 No.1

본 논문에서는 WML 페이지를 NET 모바일 웹 페이지로 변환하는 시스템을 구현하였다. 본 변환시스템 을 어휘분석기 모듈과 구문 지향 번역기 모듈로 구성되어 있는데 각각의 모듈은 어휘분석기 생성기(LEX)와 파서 생성기(YACC)를 사용하여 구현하였다. 어휘분석기 모듈은 WML페이지를 입력받아 각 태그들을 분석하고 토큰을 출력한다. 구문 지향 번역기 모듈은 어휘분석기 모듈에서 출력된 토큰들을 입력받아 문법의 유효성을 체크하고 parsing이 완료되면 대응되는 .NET의 모바일 컨트롤로 변환하여 최종적인 .NET모바일 웹 페이지를 생성한다. LEX와 YACC의 사용으로 향후 태그를 확장하거나 WML의 버전이 업그레이드 될 때에도 변경된 부분에 해당하는 문법만 다시 설계함으로써 유연하게 대처할 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있다. 구현된 변환 시스템을 이용하여 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 모바일 컨텐츠 개발의 생산성을 향상시키고 개발기간과 비용을 단축해 신속한 무선 인터넷을 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. In this paper, we describe a design and implementation of a Conversion System for NET Mobile Web Page in Wireless Markup Language(WML) Page. The Conversion System consists of the LA(Lexical Analyzer) and SDT.(Syntax-directed Translation) module. LA module analyzes every tags in WML page and makes tokens as output. SDT module checks grammar for every tags with tag produced by LA module. After parsing process is completed in SDT module, SDT module creates mobile web page with token recognized by LA. Each LA and SDT implemented in this system uses LEX and YACC. Even though the tags in WML will extended or WML DTD will upgraded, this approach has the advantage of flexibility because it's only needed to redesign the grammar for mended information of tags.

평탄 지역과 경계선 지역에 따른 적응형 필터를 이용한 스패클 잡음 제거에 관한 연구

홍승범,백중환 한국항공대학교 1996 論文集 Vol.34 No.-

본 논문에서는 경계선을 보호하면서 잡음을 제거하는 전 처리 방식을 제안한다. 초음파 영상은 과립(顆粒) 형태의 스패클 잡음에 의하여 열화된다. 스패클 잡음은 곱형 잡음(multiplicative noise)의 형태로서 신호에 독립(signal independent)적이며, 공간상에서 상관적이다. 우리가 제시한 방식인 이종형 필터는, 본 논문에서는 AWF(Adaptive Window Filter)로 부름, 스패클의 성질을 이용하여 제작하였다. 구성 형태는 에지 영역에서는 평균 필터를 이용하였고, 잡음 영역(flat region)에서는 Log필터를 이용하였다. 두 영역을 구별하는 방법은 기존에 제시된 통계적 연산 방식(국부 평균과 표준편차) 대신에 공간 영역 상에서 국부 창(3x3 subwindow)에서 얻어지는 기울기를 이용하여 두 영역을 구별할 수 있다. 제안된 필터의 성능 평가는 향상 지수 (??)와 스패클 지수(SI)에 의해 잡음의 제거 정도를 평가 하였다. In this paper, we propose a pre-processing method which removes noise while preserves the edges. The ultrasonic images are corrupted by the granular pattern noise-a speckle noise. the speckle exists in a types of coherent imaging systems, the speckle is the signal independent and multiplicative noise. In this paper, we derive a filter, called the AWF(Adaptive Window Filter), from the nature of the speckle. The filter is made of the MEAN Filter in the edge region and LOG Filter in the flat or noise region. To make a distinction between edge and flat region, we calculate the inclination around the subwindow(3x3) instead of computing the local statistics of pixels (such as local mean M and standard deviation ?). According to the obtained region, edgeregion is performed by the mean filter and flat region by the Log filter. Performance of the proposed filter is evaluated by the Enhanced Factor (??) and the Speckle Index(SI).

프루스트의 小說속의 샤를뤼스의 人物描寫 硏究

洪承五 서울大學校 人文學硏究所 1981 人文論叢 Vol.6 No.-

Parmi d'innombrables personnages que Marcel Proust a composes dans son roman "A la recherche du temps perdu", c'est Charlus qui attire le plus notre attention par ses comportements, son caractere et ses moeurs anormales: c'est un personnage si vivant que beaucoup de critiques proustiens le considerent comme "la plus complete et, artistiquement parlant, la plus reussie de ses creations", voire meme "une des plus puissantes figures du roman franeais." Ce serait donc tres interessant d'examiner de plus pres l'art de portait dont Proust s'est servi pour nous donner l'image si vive de Charlus. A la difference des romanciers realistes, par exemple Balzac, Proust se garde bien de donner un portrait acheve, definitif qui ne varie pas. C'est pour cela que nous serions embarrasses si quelqu'un nous demandait de decrire le baron de Charlus. Il existe plusieurs portraits de lui et chacun de ces portraits peut etre different de l'autre. Au lieu de decrire completement la physionomie, le physique, le costume, l'allure, le caractere, le comportement du personnage comme font les romanciers realistes, Proust prepare pendant longtemps et avec beaucoup de soins l'entree dans le recit de Charlus. Le heros-narrateur entend parler de lui et l'apercoit sans savoir qui il est avant de faire sa connaissance a Balbec. C'est seulement apres cette longue et minutieuse preparation que le romancier nous revele petit a petit quelque trait de son aspect exterieur. C'est de cette faoon que le lecteur sait que Charlus est un homme tres grand et assez gros: Mais la forme physique ne revele pas l'essentiel d'un personnage. C'est plutot son apparence qui nous conduit a sa psychologie. Les apparences telles que des gestes, les comportements, la facon de parler, etc. refletant le plus souvent ce qu'on pense, ce qu'on sent, c'est a partir des apparences de Charlus que Proust nous fait saisir sa personnalite, nous fait connaitre sa psychologie. L'apparence physique du baron de Charlus que Proust decrit frequemment, ce sont ses regards, ces regards appuyes et furtifs, dilates et profonds, que le baron pose avidement sur le narrateur. Proust se recoutr souvent aussi a la voix pour introduire le lecteur a la psychologie de Charlus. Il suggere sa personnalite en decrivant les inflexions, le ton et l'intonation de sa voix. C'est ainsi que nous decouvrons la presence feminine qui l'habite a son insu. Autant que le regard et la voix, la psychologie, la personnalite de Charlus sont revelees egalement par le rire, le sourire, la faocon de serrer la main, etc. Si Proust ne donne pas le portrait acheve, definitif comme nous avons constate dans notre analyse, c'est qu'il a voulu accuser tout le long de son roman le pouvoir destructif du temps qui agit sur le monde, qu'il a voulu montrer la lentetransformation des etres au fil de la duree. Il y a bien peu de rapports entre le Charlus autoritaire, orgueilleux que le narrateur a connu a Bacbec et le vilillard malade, delabre pousse dans sa petite voiture par Jupien, que le narrateur a rencotnre aux Champs-Elyse apres la grande guerre en allant chez Mme de Guermantes pour assister a la grande matinee. C'est en faisant passer le baron de Charles par une succession d'etapes et en donnant un portrait different de lui que chaque etape exige, que Proust a pu decrire le Charlus plus veridique.