한방 이화주의 미백 및 피부 주름 개선 효과

이상진(Sang-Jin Lee),권이영(Yi-Young Kwon),조성원(Sung-Won Cho),권희숙(Hee-Suk Kwon),신우창(Woo-Chang Shin) 한국식품영양과학회 2013 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.42 No.4

본 연구에서는 한방이화주의 피부 생리기능 활성을 알아보기 위해 70% EtOH 추출물의 피부 미백, 주름 개선 및 항염증 효과를 조사하였다. HEE은 tyrosinase 활성 억제 및 tyrosine을 기질로 melanin이 형성되는 pathway에 관여하는 주요한 인자인 TRP-1과 TRP-2를 저해하는 작용 기전을 통해 피부 색소침착의 주요 원인 물질인 melanin 생합성을 농도 의존적으로 저해하는 것을 확인하였다. HEE은 피부진피 내 피부 탄력을 유지하는 elastin을 분해하는 효소인 elastase의 활성을 저해하였고, 피부의 keratinocyte가 생성분비하는 MMP-2와 MMP-9의 단백질 발현과 proteolytic 활성을 억제하여 노화에 따른 피부 주름 생성 억제할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다. 또한 세포 독성 없이 LPS에 의해 유도된 염증 반응을 50% 저해하는 HEE의 농도(IC50)는 24.9 μg/mL이며, 50 μg/mL 농도로 처리하였을 때 염증 반응 저해 효과가 70%로 높은 효과를 가지는 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 HEE의 피부 미백, 주름 개선 및 항염증에 우수한 효과를 나타내고 있으므로 기능성 화장품의 주요한 소재로 이용 가치가 높을 것으로 사료된다. Extrinsic skin aging is characterized by the loss of skin tone and resilience, irregular pigmentation, and deep wrinkles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Ehwa Makgeolli containing oriental herbs (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Lycium chinense MILL., Morus alba L., and Saururus chinensis Baill) on skin whitening and wrinkling in human skin cells. We prepared Makgeolli extracts (HEE) with 70% ethanol. HEE significantly inhibited in vitro mushroom tyrosinase activity and reduced the cellular and secreted melanin content of mouse melanoma melanocytes (B16F1 cells). HEE down-regulated the protein expression of tyrosinase related protein (TRP)-1/-2, a key player in melanogenesis. Treatment with HEE in human keratinoctyes (HaCaT cells) inhibited the proteolytic activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/-9 in a dose-dependent manner and dramatically reduced the expression of MMP-2/-9. In addition, HEE attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced nitric oxide production in murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). These results indicate that HEE may be a great cosmeceutical ingredient for its whitening, anti-wrinkle, and anti-inflammatory effects.

중국 청대 劉熙載『書槪』의 서예미학사상 체계 연구

金熙政(Kim Hee-jeong) 역사실학회 2010 역사와실학 Vol.41 No.-

The paper has been conducted to understand Hee-jae Yu's ideas for the beauty of calligraphy in 『Seo-gae』. Hee-jae Yu(1813~1881) was a government officer, an educator and a calligrapher in the end of Ching dynasty when Western culture was introduced in earnest. 『Seo-gae』 is consisted of 246 short compositions with the history of calligraphy, reviews on works and authors, and discussions on the ideas of creativity. It also explains the system on the beauty of calligraphy very accurately. The system on the beauty of calligraphy in 『Seo-gae』 is divided by four categories which are 'Yib-sang-jin-eui' for the principle of esthetics, 'Gwan-mul · Gwan-ah' and 'Yeo-cheon-wee-do · Yeo-go-wee-do' for the principles and methods of learning, and 'Jo-ho-ja-yeon' for the principle of creativity. The ideas for the beauty of calligraphy by Hee-jae Yu that the study has understood are summarized as follows. First, what Hee-jae Yu tried to explain the beauty of calligraphy through 'Yib-sang-jin-eui' was that the essence of calligraphy is creating the art of subjectivity which expresses the mind of an author. Second, Hee-jae Yu's ideas in 'Gwan-mul · Gwan-ah' have been developed from the thoughts of Ong, Chae · Gwa-jeong, Son · Hoi-gwan, Chang and Yang-bing, Lee on the relations between calligraphy and the nature. Here, the derive of "I" was emphasized even more by Hee-jae Yu. Third, it is considered that 'Jo-eoh nature' and 'Jo-ho nature' both signify the nature with artificiality which a main interest of 'I' is additionally involved. The nature with artificiality in this idea is distinguished from the original nature. Fourth, the terms, 'Yeo-cheon-wee-do' and 'Yeo-go-wee-do' emphasize each of 'Sa-beob nature' and 'newly revising the old laws'. Any works of calligraphy are created by mixing both of the ideas into a personality of an author and the spirit of the times. Hee-jae Yu underlined not only the justice which is an independent sense of creativity, but also the neutralized view of beauty that pursues 'Ui-beob-sang-seong'. Such idea of his is shown in the composition on thoughts in one's mind where the ideas for the beauty of calligraphy is generally dealt with. Since Hee-jae Yu, a government officer and an educator who placed high value on Confucianism, lived in the era which mourned for corruption of the dynasty and experienced spirits of the people at the same time, he was able to fully comprehend that calligraphy was 'the art of subjectivity' that expresses individuals' feelings, and the existence of deep-rooted neutralized thoughts in Chinese culture.

오정희 소설에 나타난 모성성 연구 : 「중국인 거리」「번제」를 중심으로

김경희 조선대학교 인문학연구소 2005 인문학연구 Vol.33 No.-

These days the mother in our recognition have appreciated transcendental existence which it is impossible to violate Such a myth of maternity nearly stand on the basis of 'Maternity Theory' that a woman have a superior position in biology only if she become mother, just a woman as mother is able to own her body. Thus the belief about omnipotent mother breed the tendency blame the mother or the illusion about perfect mother. The attitude like this is ridded oneself of mother's experience and sexuality in the description as they let the mother place out the category of gender. To the authoress to overthrow the system of patriarch, Maternity denial is the valid method to reject conservative patriarch ideology and watch it with a point of critical. But such Maternity denial had no choice but to show the limitation as it found on misapprehension about maternity to accept usually in our society. In this manuscript, we will see how the myth of usual maternity upset and reconstitute in nobles of Oh Jeong Hee. Oh Jeong Hee have dealt with maternity to complex method better than one sided protection or criticism about it from her early novel. Namely the maternity expressed in nobles of Oh Jeong Hee show sense of balance to cease only one sided denial about maternity also it free oneself from established maternity ideology. In this manuscript I will focus on how the woman to deny maternity ideology find her own gender identity, to target 「An object of sacrifice」, 「The Chinese street」 of Oh Jeong Hee's nobles. In this view, this manuscript will become the work to confirm the process how the mother find her way as a woman back, but the mother don't exist as maternity. The problem with femininity and maternity is closely connected not as a separate one. 「An object of sacrifice」, 「The Chinese street」 show the understanding about daughter's own maternity to be mother. The women of two novels experience body change as the first menses and pregnancy each. But they reveal a fear and denial to the symptom of this maternity. The acquirement of maternal body is accepted the case separating from mother's culture and being subjugated to father's culture by them. The scream, wail and madness burst in the recurrence will toward the mother of Pre-Oedipus stage and it's impossibility. In this way maternity expressed in Oh Jeong Hee's nobles as well as those two nobles show very complex and profound aspect. Because Maternity, is not simple problem to woman who go through limping life process as war and falsified modernization in the system of patriarch that Confucianism exercise it's great influence. Maternity in Oh Jeong Hee's nobles should interpret to be restored from the recognition about her femininity that engage ontological discernment about origin and termination of human being to the problem of universal human being.

Adiponectin Attenuates the Inflammation in Atopic Dermatitis-Like Reconstructed Human Epidermis

( Hee-seok Seo ),( Ki Hyun Seong ),( Chang-deok Kim ),( Seong Jun Seo ),( Byung Cheol Park ),( Myung Hwa Kim ),( Seung-phil Hong ) 대한피부과학회 2019 Annals of Dermatology Vol.31 No.2

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic disorder, with a vicious cycle of repetitive inflammation and deterioration of the epidermal barrier function. Adiponectin, an adipokine, has anti-inflammatory effects on various metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Recently, its level was found to be reduced in serum and tissue samples from AD patients. Objective: We aimed to investigate the effects of adiponectin on epidermal inflammation and barrier structures in AD skin. Methods: A three-dimensional in vitro epidermal equivalent model mimicking AD was obtained by adding an inflammatory substance cocktail to normal human epidermal equivalents (HEEs). The expression of epidermal differentiation markers, primary inflammatory mediators, and lipid biosynthetic enzymes was compared between adiponectintreated AD-HEEs, untreated control AD-HEEs, and normal HEEs. Results: Adiponectin co-treatment 1) inhibited the increase in mRNA expression of major inflammatory mediators (carbonic anhydrase II, neuron-specific NEL-like protein 2, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and human beta-defensin-2) from keratinocytes in AD-inflammatory HEEs, 2) enhanced the expression of lipid biosynthetic enzymes (fatty acid synthase, HMG CoA reductase, and serine-palmitoyl transferase), and 3) promoted the expression of differentiation factors, especially filaggrin. We also found that the expression of adiponectin receptor-1 and -2 decreased in the epidermis of chronic AD lesion. Conclusion: Activation of the adiponectin pathway is expected to enhance epidermal differentiation and barrier function as well as attenuate inflammatory response to AD as a therapeutic approach. (Ann Dermatol 31(2) 186∼195, 2019)

연작시 <밥과 자본주의>에 나타난 아시아, 자본주의, 신식민주의

이소희(Lee, So?Hee) 계명대학교 여성학연구소 2018 젠더와 문화 Vol.11 No.1

본 연구는 우리나라 최초의 페미니스트 시인으로 평가받는 고정희의 연작시 <밥과 자본주의>에 나타난 아시아와 자본주의, 신식민주의의 역사적 관계와 영향을 분석하여 고정희를 “아시아의 페미니스트 시인”으로 재평가 하기 위한 것이다. 고정희는 필리핀 체류 이후 전 지구적 규모로 작동하고 있는 자본주의와 신식민주의를 아시아의 역사적 맥락에서 읽어냈고 그 결과로 탄생한 것이 바로 <밥과 자본주의>를 구성하고 있는 26편의 시이다. 고정희는 아시아 밥상문화의 평등성을 강조하면서 아시아가 겪어온 식민주의, 자본주의, 신식민주의를 극복하고 새로운 아시아 공동체의 가능성을 탐색하였다. 여성주의 시각의 핵심을 아시아 여성의 삶과 수난에서 찾게 되기를 열망했던 고정희는 식민 역사의 지배와 억압 속에서 살아가고 있는 아시아 민중 여성들에게 깊은 공감과 안타까움을 표현하는 동시에 힘차게 나아가는 아시아에 대한 공동체적 비전과 연대의 가능성을 제시하고 있다. This paper explores Goh Jung Hee"s serial poem with 26 sections, Bab and Capitalism, focusing on the relationship of Asia, capitalism, neocolonialism and female sexuality. The most creative and noteworthy ideas in the poem are her main analyses of the relationship between American colonial capitalism and Asian basic food, bab(rice). The paper argues that Goh Jung Hee indicts American colonial capitalism for its immensely powerful and harmful influence on contemporary Filipino culture and the subjectivity of Filipino people. Furthermore, she extends this approach to the colonization history of other Asian countries, in terms of Asian women’s sexuality and suffering induced by capitalism and neocolonialism. Despite the fact that the current neocolonial reality is not without problems, Goh Jung Hee hopes for Asian solidarity and community, anticipating a hopeful future for Asia and the Asian spirit, through overcoming its history of colonization and neocolonial capitalism.

기획특집 : <밥과 자본주의>에 나타난 "여성민중주의적 현실주의"와 문체혁명: 「몸바쳐 밥을 사는 사람 내력 한마당」을 중심으로

이소희 ( So Hee Lee ) 국제비교한국학회 2011 비교한국학 Comparative Korean Studies Vol.19 No.3

본 논문은 고정희의 유고시집 『모든 사라지는 것들은 뒤에 여백을 남긴다』(1992)에 발표된 <밥과 자본주의> 연작시 중 「몸바쳐 밥을 사는 사람 내력 한마당」이 1991년 6월 8일, 고정희가 [또 하나의 문화] 월례논단에서 밝힌 "여성주의 리얼리즘과 문체혁명"의 일례를 보여주는 것이며 자신의 문학적 입장을 "여성민중주의적 현실주의"로 명명했다는 점과 밀접한 관련이 있음을 밝히고 있다. 고정희는 1980년대 초부터 여성문제를 여성 전체의 보편적인 문제가 아니라 ``여성`` ``민중``의 문제로 보고 있었다. 고정희에게 있어서 ``민중``은 ``여성``보다 우선하는 개념이었으며 고정희 의식의 가장 밑바닥에는 항상 ``민중``이 자리잡고 있었다. 1990년 8월부터 1991년 2월까지 6개월 동안 고정희의 필리핀 체류는 서구 남성중심의 신식민주의가 자본주의 체제 안에서 어떻게 아시아 여성들을 수난으로 몰고 가는가를 구체적으로 경험하면서 더욱 크고 무거운 여성억압 체제를 인식하는 계기가 되었다. 그러므로 마닐라를 다녀온 고정희가 그토록 급진적인 연작시 <밥과 자본주의>, 그 중에서도 「몸바쳐 밥을 사는 사람 내력 한마당」을 쓴 것은 그의 시적 자아의 자연스러운 발달과정이었다. 이 시에 등장하는 세 명의 육십대, 오십대, 중년의 성노동자 매춘여성의 사설 세 대목은 여성의 섹슈얼리티, 가부장 권력, 자본주의 체제를 둘러싼 해악과 병폐에 대해 이제까지의 한국시에서는 유례를 찾아볼 수 없을 만큼 매우 급진적이면서도 강력한 문학적 형식에 담아 표현되었다. 따라서 본 논문은 고정희가 이 시에서 보여주고 있는 "여성민주주의적 현실주의"에 기초한 문체혁명이 다양한 문학적 실험들, 예를 들면 여성민중시의 언어적 실천과 발화주체, ``마당굿시`` 장르의 형식적 특성과 집단적 신명, 또 일탈적 시어와 ``여성민중주의적`` 글쓰기 등을 통하여 어떻게 성취되고 있는가를 분석하였다. 이 마당굿시에 등장하는 세 명의 ``여성`` ``민중`` 발화주체는 가부장제, 제국주의, 신식민주의를 점철한 근대 한국 역사를 통시적으로 관망하면서 독특한 계급적 조건을 바탕으로 한국 근현대 문학사에서 보기 드문 ``여성민중주의적`` 주체로 자리매김 할 수 있다. This paper explores Goh Jung Hee`s last poem, Bab and Capitalism, focusing on the story-telling of three women speakers who had been selling their bodies in exchange for basic food, bab(rice). I have analyzed how Goh Jung Hee challenged the phallocentric symbolic order with the literary devices of madang-gut poem, collective sinmyung, subversive poetic diction, and writing style based on women-minjung (people`s) ideology. In this paper, I examine how she searched for a specific writing style, "the realism based on women-minjung ideology", which she named as her literary position in her last speech "The feminist realism and the revolution of women`s writing" at The Alternative Culture, the feminist cultural movement organization, on 8 June, 1991. She considers that the feminist writing style and the minjung literary form should reflect the feminist vision and the minjung (people`s) point-of-view, transforming ``women-minjung`` subject into a strong speaking subject within the patriarchal social system. She shows a very powerful first-person narrative by three Korean sex workers in their sixties, fifties, and middle age. Thus, Goh Jung Hee successfully accomplished women-mingjung`s access to full subjectivity with feminist imagination and incisive criticism.

고정희 연시 연구

이경희(Lee Kyong Hee) 돈암어문학회 2007 돈암어문학 Vol.- No.20

고정희 시인은 1948년 《현대시학》에 등단한 이후, 12권의 시집을 남기면서 왕성한 시작 활동을 하다가 1991년 타계했다. 고정희는 그의 『누가 홀로 술틀을 밟고 있는가』(1979, 평민사)를 시작으로 유고시집 『모든 사라지는 것들은 뒤에 여백을 남긴다』(1992, 창작과 비평사)에 이르기까지 12권의 시집을 남겼는데 주로 실험적 의식이 강한 시편들을 다수 남겼다. 그럼에도 불구하고 그의 가장 내면적인 목소리는 그의 연시들 속에 간직되어 있다. 때문에 그의 연시를 살펴보는 것은 그의 시세계의 핵심을 조명하는 중요한 작업이 될 수 있다. 그래서 본고에서는 『아름다운 사람 하나』에 수록되어 있는 서정성이 뛰어난 연시들을 중심으로 그 내용과 형식의 특성을 살펴보기로 한다. 먼저, 연시에 나타나는 지향대상을 보면, 고정희의 연시에 보이는 사랑의 대상인 ‘그대’는 다양한 범주를 드러낸다. 첫째는 초월적인 힘을 지닌 신적인 존재로서의 ‘그대’이다. 시인은 초월적인 존재로부터 삶의 희망과 생명을 새로이 회복한다. 둘째는 자연으로서의 ‘그대’이다. 시인이 그리워하는 자연은 ‘그대’ 가슴처럼 내 고단함을 묻는 포근한 대상, ‘나’가 안식을 취하면서 바라는 세계를 의미하기도 한다. 셋째는 구체적 현존으로서의 ‘그대’이다. 고정희의 시에서 사랑하는 ‘그대’는 ‘아름다운 사람 하나’이며 가장 서정적 의미로 다가오는 구체적 현존이다. 이 세 가지 의미는 각각의 작품에 나타나기도 하지만 때로는 한 작품에서 세 가지 모두가 드러나는 것과 같이 다양한 대상을 수렴하고 있다. 다음으로 고정희의 연시에 주로 나타나는 기법 양상을 살펴보기로 한다. 첫째, 형태시 기법이다. 시각적인 효과를 주며 음절과 구문의 배행을 달리 함으로써 시가 지니는 주제를 좀 더 선명한 이미지로 표현하고 있다. 둘째는 음절과 구문의 반복으로 인한 주제와 의도의 강조이다. 이는 의미의 점층과 확장을 가져오는 효과를 갖는다. 셋째는 시어의 선택에서 자기 연민의 어조와 담백한 표현을 쓰고 있는 점이다. 넷째는 패러디형식으로 성경을 패러디한 것이 많다. 보통 패러디는 적대감과 친밀감이라는 상호 모순의 양면성을 띠는데 고정희의 「더 먼저 더 오래」에서는 모방과 친밀감이 강조되어 있다. 본 소고가 미비하기 때문에 정신분석학이나 시인의 체험 등을 참고한다면 이 주제의 연구는 더욱 풍성해질 수 있을 것이다. 앞으로 계속 고정희의 시세계에 대해 연구할 것이기에 차후의 과제로 남기기로 한다. After Goh Jung Hee (1948~1991) established herself as a poet on 「Mordern Poetics」 in 1975, she wrote 12 poetries actively. Goh Jung Hee composed a lot of experimental poems which are about traditional longpoems, feminism, eternity of Christian and populace. Still, she described her most internal voice in her love poems. Therefore studying her love poems can be the important thing to illuminate her core of her poetic world. This paper is about the study of contents and forms of her poems, especially love ones in ‘A Beautiful Person’. First of all, in her love poems she intends to express ‘He’, which is the object of love, could be interpreted variously. First, ‘He’ is God who is transcendent and means salvation. So his love is absolute and everlasting. At this point there is special quality that God is the absolute being and his love is continued absolutely. ‘I’ love one who is transcendent and feel his existence which holds myself by an irresistible force. Second, ‘He’ is like nature. She wrote many poems of which motifs are mountains and rivers. They are the key to link the theme directly. Mountains and rivers plays an important role in the subject of her poem like expression and creative writing motif in literature. That is, mountains and rivers, objects of ardent desire as motifs are in the category of ‘He’. Finally, ‘He’ is a person who is ‘A Beautiful Person’. ‘He’ could be the meaning of concrete being rather than transcendental being or nature which is mentioned above. It is the most lyrical interpretation. He is existing but away from her consistently in her poems. These three meanings are expressed in each poem, but sometimes all the three meanings are expressed in one poem. Let me examine her technic in her love poems. First, formal technic visualizes poems and expresses the clear image by making a difference of lining syllables and constructions. We can see the technic in her love poems like 「Triangular Love」, 「Late Autumn」, 「Autumn Night」, 「Confession」. Formal technic effects on her poetic meaning through visualizing effect. Second, she repeated a syllable or a construction to emphasize themes and her intentions. Also, these refrains show not simply a few times but many times in her lyric. And this effect gives her love poems soft rhythm. Third, she uses self-sympathetic tone and simple expression in choosing poetic words. She uses poetic words which are not florid and less metaphorical. She appeals to us frankly and simply. In her love poem 「Thinking of You」, she thinks she should leave him, but she sees herself get closer to him. She feels painful sympathy for herself seeing the process of this. Many poems have this aspect. Finally there are parodies in her poems, especially many from the bible. Unlike other parodies which express mutual contradiction like hostility and familiarity, she emphasizes imitation and familiarity in her lyric 「The Earlier, the Longer」. In her love poems, she parodied Matthew. It is far from objection and hostility. And it is similar to the value of Matthew flowing internal. Afterwards the discussion on Goh Jung Hee's lyric will take a turn for the better. I think that the study on Goh Jung Hee's love poems will be more plentiful when you refer to mental analytics or poet's experience because this study is incomplete.

연구논문 : 담양 의암서원(義巖書院)의 설립, 사액 그리고 철폐

윤희면 ( Hee Myeon Yoon ) 호남사학회(구 전남사학회) 2015 역사학연구 Vol.57 No.-

유희춘을 모시는 三川祠는 담양의 양반사림 58명이 앞장서고, 전라도 양반사림의 호응과 지방관들의 도움을 얻어 1610년경에 완성되었다. 삼천사는 1630년경에 향교 근처로 옮기고 白川祠라 이름을 바꾸었다. 옮긴 이유는 유희춘이 文節이라는 시호를 받은 것과 관련 있어 보인다. 1668년에 담양 양반사림들이 사액을 받고자 상소문을 제출하여, 1669년에 「義巖」이라는 사액 이름을 받았다. 의암서원은 사액을 받은 뒤 나라로부터 여러 가지 혜택을 받았다. 제례에 쓸 祭需와 각종 잡물을 관아로부터 지급 받았다. 토지 3결을 면세받았고, 노비도 한때 100여명 이상을 소유하였다. 액외원생(정액 이외의 원생)을 수령으로부터 허락을 받기도 하였다. 특히 관에서 보태준 식리전은 재정의 큰 비중을 차지하였다. 19세기에 들어와서는 서원이 문중서원화되는 경향을 보이는데, 유희춘 후손들이 원임을 담당하고 의암서원 운영에 깊이 간여하였다. 의암서원에서는 경제적 어려움을 타개하기 위하여 관에 적극적으로 밀착하였다. 수령에게 원장을 맡기고, 19세기에 들어서면 경원장제를 채택하였다. 그리고 이들의 후원을 얻어 많은 건물들을 수리하고 건립할 수 있었다. 19세기에 이르면 대부분의 서원은 교육기능은 제대로 발휘되지 못하고 있었다. 의암서원도 마찬가지였다. 대원군의 서원 철폐로 의암서원도 1871년에 철폐되었다. 호남의 유생들은 1884년에 유희춘의 문묘 배향을 요청하는 상소를 하였으나 뜻을 이루지는 못하였다. Samchonsa enshrined Yu Hee-chun was established by 58 Confucian scholars of Damyang who initiated the idea, being responded by Yangban Sarim of Jeolla Province. It moved next to Hyanggyo by the year of 1630 and named it Paekchonsa. Its movement resulted from Yu Hee-chun`s receiving his posthumous epithet(Munjeol)Yangban Sarim submitted public appeals to receive charter and as a result, they acquired EuAhm in 1669. Since then EuAhm Seowon got several kinds of benefits. The economic foundations of EuAhm Seowon were fields, serfs, extra students, wonbo and duty free village. Especially Shickrigeon that was added by public office formed a great part. Since the opening of 19th century, the descendants of Yu Hee-chun took the role of wonim and were deeply involved with its management. EuAhm Seowon tried to be close to a local authority to resolve financial difficulty. They entrusted the position of Wonchang to a chief magistrate and chose implementing Gyeongwonjang system. With their support, they could build and maintain more buildings. By the turn of 19th century, most of seowon could not perform its educational fundction. EuAhm Seowon was in the same situation. In line with Daewongun ordered the close of seowon EuAhm Seowon was closed down in 1871. Yangban yusaeng of honam Province filed an appeal to ask a Confucian shrine of Yu, Hee-chun, but could not fulfill their will.

朝鮮後期 逆謀事件과 宦官의 內應

장희홍(Jang Hee-heung) 역사실학회 2006 역사와실학 Vol.29 No.-

It was said that many of the treasonable plot concerned the eunuch took place frequently and changed the political climate in the lately Chosun Dynasty period. During the reign period between the king Kwanghaegun(光海君) to Injo(仁祖), these events got mixed with the trouble of the succession of king. The times of king Sukjong(肅宗)’ s was the political struggle years between Southerners(南人) and Westerners(西人). It was the changeful period from Gyongjong(景宗) to Yeongjo(英祖) that the Noron party(老論) came to the power and the Soron party(小論) responded to the Noron party in the meanwhile. All the before and after of the enthronement of Jeonjo(正祖), since when the Noron party took the political leadership. It seemed to me that the eunuch took part in the political change course because they was likely to look around the king nearly. They did not control the affairs of state by themselves but were needed inevitably by the ambitious court officials for the access or the turnover of political power. Those officials could remove the kings of the generation in Chosun Dynasty by killing or poisoning through the eunuch and the court lady who serviced on the king at the most closed palace. As time go by, the function of the eunuch and the court lady was changed. The eunuch played the middle part of treasonable affairs with the court lady in the reign of king Kwanghaegun and Injo Especially each case of Min Hee-gun(閔希騫) or Bae Hee-do(裵希度) was not the prime mover’s case. Each of eunuch concerned of their case was the assistant whom the prime mover entice to kill the king at Court. Either case of Park Sang-gum(朴尙儉) or Chang Sea Gil(張世相), however, was transformed into the prime mover s cases. As is remarked above, when the bureaucratic group and the maternal relative group of King continued to attempt to seize the political power, their groups formed friendly relations with the eunuch and the court lady properly for the a treasonable plot and by their needs. For this reason, the eunuch and the court lady had consider influence upon the political transformation in the latter period of Chosun Dynasty.

조세희 『난장이가 쏘아 올린 작은 공』에 나타난 소외양상 연구

정규희(Jeong, Kyu-hee) 한국문화융합학회 2012 문화와 융합 Vol.34 No.-

'스콜라' 이용 시 소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우, 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 7시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

이 논문은 조세희의 연작소설집 『난장이가 쏘아 올린 작은 공』에 나타난 소외양상을 마르크스 소외이론을 이용해 분석한 후 이를 통해 이 작품의 문학적 가치와 의의를 구명함을 목적으로 한다. 그 결과는 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 마르크스는 노동을 인간적인 생명활동 즉, 인간의 보편적 본성을 발전시키기 위한 수단으로 파악한다. 그러나 자본주의 사회에서의 노동은 인간적 본질을 상실하고 소외되기 시작하는데, 그 구체적인 양상을 노동생산물로부터의 소외, 생산행위, 곧 생산 활동으로부터의 소외, 인간으로부터의 인간의 소외, 유적 존재로부터의 소외 4가지로 분류한다. 조세희의 『난장이가 쏘아 올린 작은 공』은 1970년대 산업화 사회의 구조적 모순과 그로 인한 도시 빈민 노동자의 비참한 모습과 인간성 파괴를 마르크스의 소외양상을 통해서 사실적으로 표현하고 있다. 프로소설을 비롯해 한국의 민중문학과 노동문학 계열의 소설들은 마르크스의 인간 소외 양상을 통해 자본가에 의한 노동자의 수탈이라는 현실고발에 치중한 나머지 문학적 경직성에서 벗어나지 못한 것에 비해, 『난장이가 쏘아 올린 작은 공』은 인간 소외양상을 통해 사회구조적 모순이 인간성을 어떻게 파괴시킬 수 있는가에 대한 문학적 성찰을 효과적으로 표현함으로써 문학의 사회성과 예술성의 조화를 이루었다. 여기에 조세희 소설의 가치와 의의가 있으며, 조세희 소설의 이와 같은 성과는 한국 리얼리즘 문학의 예술성 확보에 의미 있는 시사점을 제공해 줄 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the forms of alienation implied in Cho Se Hee’s a series novel, 『A Small Ball Shot Up by A Dwarf』 by using Marx’s theory, ultimately determining the aesthetic value of the novel. According to Marx, labor is a life activity based on humanity or, in other words, the means of developing human nature that people inherently have. But as capitalism become a social mainstream, labor began to lose humanity and cause isolation which is classified into four, alienation from labor products, alienation from production behaviors or activity, alienation from species being and alienation from human being. So far, Korean realistic novels have mainly focused on two of the forms of alienation suggested by Marx, that is, alienation from labor products and from human being, in order to reveal and criticize social absurdities. But those novels have been less successful in representing the aesthetics of literature because putting too much emphasis on social consciousness, though they have played the social roles of literature enough. The above series novel has social consciousness and aesthetics naturally balanced with each other by representing alienation from species being literally. In literature, purity and engagement should be not confrontational with each other, but mutually complementary, contributing to forming the very sound basis of literature. Cho Se Hee’s novel as mentioned above shows a successful balance between purity and engagement, in which the aesthetic value and significance of that novel lie.