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Die Entwicklung des deutschen Privatrechts
Harder, Manfred 단국대학교 사회과학연구소 1984 社會科學論集 Vol.1 No.-
古代 독일 사회에 있어서 法律은 部族法的 유형으로서의 法的 特性을 지닌 法律들이 存在하였고, 이 部族法들은 엄격하게 말해서 法律이라고 할 수 없겠으나 倫理的인 規範이 광범하고 强力하게 내포되어 있었기 때문에 法律이라고 명명할 수 있을 것이다. 그리고 이 部族法에는 公法과 私法的인 특징이 混合되어 있었다. 17∼18세기 사이에는 自然法 思想과 歷史法 思想이 독일 民法에 영향을 미쳤고, 이 兩 思想 속에서 독일 民法은 새로운 存在的 價値를 갖게 되었으나, 13세기부터 18세기 까지는 로마법과 게르만법의 영향권에서 벗어나지 못하였다. 오늘날의 民法도 一般的으로 두 가지 特徵을 갖고 있다. 그 하나는 게르만법의 영향이고, 다른 하나는 로마법의 영향인 동시에 法典構造는 19세기의 社會科學의 體制理論에 의해서 이루어 졌다고 볼 수 있다. 제2차 세계 대전 전까지는 農耕社會로부터 工業社會로 탈바꿈하는 동시에 民法과 많은 관련 特別法들이 이 時代的인 要請에 의해서 確立되었었고, 제2차 세계 대전 후에 비록 국토는 分斷되었으나 독일 民法은 1945년부터 1975년까지 東·西獨을 막론하고 전부 適用되었었다. 東獨은 1975년 이후, 共産主義 思想에 입각한 民法이 制定되어 施行되고 있으며, 東獨 民法의 特徵은 순전히 共産主義社會 유지를 위한 시녀 역할로 그 法的 價値가 전락했으며, 이에 반해 西獨은 1900년 1월 1일부터 오늘날까지 民法을 주축으로 해서 시대적인 요청에 人本主義 思想과 合理性과 法的 安定性과 具體的인 妥當性과 憲法 精神에 입각해서 法的 價値가 保持되고 있음을 지적할 수 있을 것이다.
Haptic Tumor Augmentation: Exploring Multi-Point Interaction
Seokhee Jeon,Harders, Matthias IEEE 2014 IEEE transactions on haptics Vol.7 No.4
<P>We currently explore the application of haptic augmentation in the context of palpation training systems. The key idea is to modify real touch sensations with computed haptic feedback. In earlier work, we have introduced an algorithmic framework for determining appropriate augmentation forces during interaction at one contact point. In this paper, we present an extension of the approach to deal with manipulations at more than one contact location. At the heart of our method is the data-driven estimation of Hunt-Crossley model parameters in a pre-computation step. Feeding the parameters into a contact dynamics model allows us to approximate the feedback behavior of various physical tissue mock-ups. Further, we combine the parameter estimation with the tracking of the position of a stiffer inclusion in the mock-up. These data are employed to create a model of movement due to external forces. The combination of these models then allows us to represent and render the mutual effects at multiple contact points. Several experiments have been carried out on a setup with two haptic devices. Comparisons of recorded with simulated interaction data demonstrate the performance and potential of our method.</P>
Jan Drews,Jonas Harder,Hannah Kaiser,Miriam Soenarjo,Dorothee Spahlinger,Peter Wohlmuth,Sebastian Wirtz,Ralf Eberhardt,Florian Bornitz,Torsten Bunde,Thomas von Hahn 대한소화기내시경학회 2024 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.57 No.2
Background/Aims: Hypoxemia is a common side effect of propofol sedation during endoscopy. Applying mild positive airway pressure (PAP) using a nasal mask may offer a simple way to reduce such events and optimize the conditions for diagnostic and therapeutic upper gastrointestinal endoscopies. Methods: We compared overweight patients (body mass index >25 kg/m2) with a nasal PAP mask or standard nasal cannula undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopies by non-anesthesiologists who provided propofol sedation. Outcome parameters included the frequency and severity of hypoxemic episodes. Results: We analyzed 102 procedures in 51 patients with nasal PAP masks and 51 controls. Episodes of hypoxemia (oxygen saturation [SpO2] <90% at any time during sedation) occurred in 25 (49.0%) controls compared to 8 (15.7%) patients with nasal PAP masks (p<0.001). Severe hypoxemia (SpO2 <80%) occurred in three individuals (5.9%) in both groups. The mean delta between baseline SpO2 and the lowest SpO2 recorded was significantly decreased among patients with nasal PAP mask compared to controls (3.7 and 8.2 percentage points difference, respectively). There were significantly fewer airway interventions performed in the nasal PAP mask group (15.7% vs. 41.2%, p=0.008). Conclusions: Using a nasal PAP mask may be a simple means of increasing patient safety and ease of examination.
Hagel, Christian,Treszl, Andr?s,Fehlert, Julia,Harder, Jonas,von Haxthausen, Franziska,Kern, Meike,von Bueren, Andr? O,Kordes, Uwe M. Nijhoff ; Kluwer Academic Publishers 2013 Journal of neuro-oncology Vol.112 No.2
<P>Ependymomas comprise 8 % of all intracranial tumors in children <15 years. Recent studies revealed that some supratentorial ependymomas express neuronal antigens and that high expression of neurofilament protein light polypeptide (NEFL) correlates with better clinical outcome. We retrospectively analyzed an expanded panel of proteins in 6 supratentorial, 15 posterior fossa and 4 spinal pediatric ependymomas by immunohistochemistry. Expression of high and low affinity neurotrophin receptors TrkA (NTRK1) and p75 (NGFR), pan-neuronal markers NeuN (RBFOX3) and synaptophysin, radial glial marker SOX9, adhesion molecules CD56 (NCAM) and CD44, junctional protein connexin 43 (GJA1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), epithelial membrane antigen and proliferation associated antigen Ki-67 were evaluated in a semi-quantitative or quantitative (Ki-67 and NeuN-index) fashion. We found p75 and NeuN to be expressed at significantly higher levels in supratentorial versus infratentorial tumors and GFAP to be expressed at significantly higher levels in infratentorial lesions. In conclusion, immunohistochemical expression of p75, NeuN and GFAP differed in ependymomas depending on tumor topography supporting the view of divergent cells of origin. However, because of the small sample size the results are of preliminary nature and replication in a larger cohort would be desirable.</P>
Defect Dynamics at a Single Pt Nanoparticle during Catalytic Oxidation
Kim, Dongjin,Chung, Myungwoo,Kim, Sungwon,Yun, Kyuseok,Cha, Wonsuk,Harder, Ross,Kim, Hyunjung American Chemical Society 2019 NANO LETTERS Vol.19 No.8
<P>Defects can affect all aspects of a material by altering its electronic properties and controlling its chemical reactivity. At defect sites, preferential adsorption of reactants and/or formation of chemical species at active sites are observed in heterogeneous catalysis. Understanding the structural response at defect sites during catalytic reactions provides a unique opportunity to exploit defect control of nanoparticle-based catalysts. However, it remains difficult to characterize the strain and defect evolution for a single nanocrystal catalyst in situ. Here, we report Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging of defect dynamics in an individual Pt nanoparticle during catalytic methane oxidation. We observed that the initially tensile strained regions of the crystal became seed points for the development of further strain and subsequent disappearance of diffraction density during oxidation reactions. Our detailed understanding of the catalytically induced deformation at the defect sites and observed reversibility during the relevant steps of the catalytic oxidation process provide important insights of defect control and engineering of heterogeneous catalysts.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>