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Significance of Rainwater Infiltration and Wastewater Reclamation for Sustainable Urban Water Use
H. Furumai 한국대기환경학회 2007 한국대기환경학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.- No.-
Concern about the sustainability of urban water use is the strong motivation to understand the potential of rainwater infiltration and reclaimed wastewater use. The history of water works in Tokyo and their experience may provide useful information to develop sustainable urban water use and find future possible tasks. Besides, various innovative strategies to meet the current and future water demand may help us to consider new approaches adjusting to the developing mega cities. In this paper, the past and current practices on rainwater infiltration and reclaimed wastewater use in Tokyo are summarized from the viewpoint of sustainable water use. Groundwater recharge through the infiltration facilities provide a potential storage of water resource which can be withdrawn in the future if necessary. At the same time, it is necessary to investigate the heavy metal retention and release from deposited sediment in infiltration facilities under possible environmental conditions from the viewpoints of reclamation of road runoff water and groundwater contamination. In the case of wastewater reclaimation, contamination by new micropollutants should be considered besides the conventional ones from the aspect of human health risk.
Characterization of Washoff Behavior of In-Sewer Deposits in Combined Sewer Systems
Kim, WeonJae,Furumai, Hiroaki Wiley (John WileySons) 2016 Water environment research Vol.88 No.6
<P>In-sewer deposits in combined sewer systems (CSSs) are closely related with the behavior of first foul flush and combined sewer overflows. The artificial flushing experiment separating the washoff of insewer deposits from the inflow of surface pollutants was carried out to simulate first foul flush in a CSS. The washoff behaviors of each pollutant including chemical pollutants, bacterial indicators, and enteric viruses were intensively investigated. By using several morphological analyses, some of which were suggested through this study, the characteristics of first foul flush were examined. As a result, the washoff behaviors of each pollutant were characterized according to their (i) event load ratios (ELRs), (ii) time-series concentration and load curves, (iii) concentration vs. flow rate curves, and (iv) dimensionless runoff concentrations (DRCs). The first foul flush patterns of each parameter were categorized into 3 typical groups: the strong-, partial-, and no first foul flush group. The order of these groups signifies their different physicochemical properties of in-sewer deposits in CSSs, their strength of first foul flush phenomena, and the washoff priority as well.</P>
Kim, Jinyoung,An, Kyoungjin,Furumai, Hiroaki Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 2013 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.17 No.1
This study is an attempt to quantify rainwater utilization and miscellaneous water demand in Tokyo's 23 special wards, the core of the urban area in Tokyo, Japan, in order to elucidate the potential of further rainwater utilization. The rainwater utilization for miscellaneous appropriate water demands, including toilet flushing, air conditioning, and garden irrigation, were calculated for six different types of building: residential house, office, department store, supermarket, restaurant, and accommodation. Miscellaneous water demands in these different types of building were expressed in terms of equivalent rainfall of 767, 1,133, 3,318, 1,887, 16,574, and 2,227 (mm/yr), respectively, compared with 1,528 mm of Tokyo's average annual precipitation. Building types, numbers and its height were considered in this study area using geographic information system data to quantify miscellaneous water demands and the amount of rainwater utilization in each ward. Area precipitation-demand ratio was used to measure rainwater utilization potential for miscellaneous water demands. Office and commercial areas, such as Chiyoda ward, showed rainwater utilization potentials of <0.3, which was relatively low compared to those wards where many residential houses are located. This is attributed to the relatively high miscellaneous water demand. In light of rainwater utilization based on building level, the introduction of rainwater storage mechanisms with a storage depth of 50 mm for six different types of buildings was considered, and calculated as rainfall of 573, 679, 819, 766, 930, and 787 (mm), respectively. Total rainwater utilization using such storage facilities in each building from 23 wards resulted in the retention of 102,760,000 $m^3$ of water for use in miscellaneous applications annually, and this volume corresponded to 26.3% of annual miscellaneous water demand.