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Evaluation of Particle Transport in Permeable Pavements under Oil Loadings
Rupak Aryal,Simon Beecham,이병규 대한토목학회 2015 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.19 No.7
Permeable pavements with gravel base courses promote infiltration of stormwater and can improve water quality. However, finer grained particles on the surface of the pavements or their surrounding areas may enter the underlying void spaces along with stormwater due to their wash-off behavior and their smaller size. After entry into the void space, the smaller particles can act as a barrier that may reduce the infiltration over time. This can reduce the functionality of the pavement and can alter water quality by either sorbing or leaching chemicals present in the infiltrating stormwater. Factors affecting the particulate deposition in the void spaces include shape and size, hydrophobicity, natural organic matter, metals, and the surface charge of the particulate as well as the media. Red sand particles of three sizes <10, 10-25 and 30-50 μm with crankcase oil and without crankcase oil were mixed with semi-artificial stormwater and passed at a constant flow rate through a glass column containing aggregate with and without being pre-soaked in crankcase oil. This study focused on the resulting transport behavior of particles less than 50 μm in diameter, which were generally not picked up by street sweeping. The results show that the particles with and without oil transported in the column at different scales. The presence of oil in the infiltration media and in the stormwater had a nearly 10 fold higher risk of becoming clogged than when no oil was present. Similarly the calculated serviceable life of pavement was reduced by a similar factor when oil was present.
Bundy, Jacob J,Chick, Jeffrey Forris Beecham,Hage, Anthony N,Srinivasa, Ravi N,Chaudhary, Neeraj,Srinivasa, Rajiv N,Vadlamudi, Venu,Gemmete, Joseph J BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. 2018 Journal of neurointerventional surgery Vol.10 No.12
<P><B>Purpose</B></P><P>To describe the stroke-related Twitter network through analysis of the #Stroke hashtag.</P><P><B>Materials and methods</B></P><P>621 653 tweets containing the #Stroke hashtag were analyzed from 20 March 2012 to 31 January 2018. Twitter activity metrics, engagement, user characteristics, content analysis, and network analysis were obtained using the healthcare social media analytics platform, Symplur Signals.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>The number of users, the number of impressions, and the number of tweets containing the #Stroke hashtag increased by an annual average of 64.9%, 87.7%, and 89.2% over the past 6 years from 20 March 2012 to 31January 2018. 69 371 tweets (11.2%) contained novel content and 48 568 tweets (7.8%) related to patient care. 181 120 (29.1%) tweets contained at least one image and 436 132 tweets (70.2%) contained links to outside resources. Stroke prevention, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation were commonly discussed topics. With regard to engagement, there were 259 438 retweets (41.7%), 366 561 mentions (59.0%), and 8549 replies (1.4%). Physicians and patients authored 52 197 (8.4%) and 41 822 (6.7%) tweets, respectively. Advocate organizations, patients, and non-healthcare individuals most frequently used the #Stroke hashtag on Twitter.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>The use of the #Stroke hashtag on Twitter has grown significantly over the 6-year study period. The majority of the discussions were held between stroke support groups and non-healthcare-related individuals, with discussion content centering around stroke prevention, stroke symptoms, associated medical conditions, and treatment options.</P>