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POLITICAL OBSTACLES TO GLOBALIZATION: THE DAEWOO-THOMSON AFFAIR
FEIGENBAUM, HARVERY B.,YOON,SANGHYUN GRADUATE INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL AND AREA STUD 1997 Journal of International and Area Studies Vol.4 No.1
This paper examines some political contstraints which limit the process of globalization. While economic theory would predict that firms locate the various stages of production of their products in those countries demonstrating clear comparative advantages, and while intra-firm trade data shows that multinational firms do, by and large, try to globalize their production, there are occasional political obstacles to such strategies. Many Korean firms have expanded into Europe for economic reasons, but the case of Daewoo Electronics ill fated attempt to purchase Thomon shows that analysts must take political, as well as economic conditions into account before the process of globalization can be understood.
POLITICAL OBSTACLES TO GLOBALIZATION - THE DAEWOO-THOMSON AFFAIR
SANGHYUN YOON,HARVERY B,FEIGENBAUM 서울대학교 국제학연구소 1997 Journal of International and Area Studies Vol.4 No.1
This paper examines some political contstraints which limit the process of globalization. While economic theory would predict that firms locate the various stages of production of their products in those countries demonstrating clear comparative advantages. and while intra-firm trade data shows that multinational firms do, by and large, try to globalize their production, there are occasional political obstacles to such strategies. Many Korean firms have expanded into Europe for economic reasons, but the case of Daewoo Electronics ill fated attempt to purchase Thomson shows that analysts must take political. as well as economic conditions into account before the process of globalization can be understood.
Hong, C.,Luckey, Megan A.,Ligons, Davinna L.,Waickman, Adam T.,Park, J.Y.,Kim, Grace Y.,Keller, Hilary R.,Etzensperger, R.,Tai, X.,Lazarevic, V.,Feigenbaum, L.,Catalfamo, M.,Walsh, Scott T.R.,Park, J. Cell Press 2014 Immunity Vol.40 No.6
The common γ-chain (γc) plays a central role in signaling by IL-2 and other γc-dependent cytokines. Here we report that activated T cells produce an alternatively spliced form of γc mRNA that results in protein expression and secretion of the γc extracellular domain. The soluble form of γc (sγc) is present in serum and directly binds to IL-2Rβ and IL-7Rα proteins on T cells to inhibit cytokine signaling and promote inflammation. sγc suppressed IL-7 signaling to impair naive T cell survival during homeostasis and exacerbated Th17-cell-mediated inflammation by inhibiting IL-2 signaling upon T cell activation. Reciprocally, the severity of Th17-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases was markedly diminished in mice lacking sγc. Thus, sγc expression is a naturally occurring immunomodulator that regulates γc cytokine signaling and controls T cell activation and differentiation.
Tinsley, Kevin W.,Hong, Changwan,Luckey, Megan A.,Park, Joo-Young,Kim, Grace Y.,Yoon, Hee-won,Keller, Hilary R.,Sacks, Andrew J.,Feigenbaum, Lionel,Park, Jung-Hyun American Society of Hematology 2013 Blood Vol.122 No.14
<P>The zinc-finger protein Ikaros is a key player in T-cell development and a potent tumor suppressor in thymocytes. To understand the molecular basis of its function, we disabled Ikaros activity in vivo using a dominant negative Ikaros transgene (DN-IkTg). In DN-IkTg mice, T-cell development was severely suppressed, and positively selected thymocytes clonally expanded, resulting in a small thymus with a heavily skewed T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. Notably, DN-IkTg induced vigorous proliferation concomitant to downregulation of antiapoptotic factor expression such as Bcl2. Ikaros activity was required during positive selection, and specifically at the CD4<SUP>+</SUP>CD8<SUP>lo</SUP> intermediate stage of thymocyte differentiation, where it prevented persistent TCR signals from inducing aberrant proliferation and expansion. In particular, DN-IkTg induced the accumulation of CD4 single-positive (SP) thymocytes with a developmentally transitional phenotype, and it imposed a developmental arrest accompanied by massive apoptosis. Thus, we identified an in vivo requirement for Ikaros function, which is to suppress the proliferative potential of persistent TCR signals and to promote the survival and differentiation of positively selected thymocytes.</P>
Park, Jung-Hyun,Adoro, Stanley,Guinter, Terry,Erman, Batu,Alag, Amala S,Catalfamo, Marta,Kimura, Motoko Y,Cui, Yongzhi,Lucas, Philip J,Gress, Ronald E,Kubo, Masato,Hennighausen, Lothar,Feigenbaum, Lio Nature Publishing Group 2010 NATURE IMMUNOLOGY Vol.11 No.3
Immature CD4<SUP>+</SUP>CD8<SUP>+</SUP> (double-positive (DP)) thymocytes are signaled via T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) to undergo positive selection and become responsive to intrathymic cytokines such as interleukin 7 (IL-7). We report here that cytokine signaling is required for positively selected thymocytes to express the transcription factor Runx3, specify CD8 lineage choice and differentiate into cytotoxic-lineage T cells. In DP thymocytes genetically engineered to be cytokine responsive, IL-7 signaling induced TCR-unsignaled DP thymocytes to express Runx3 and to differentiate into mature CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T cells, completely circumventing positive selection. We conclude that TCR-mediated positive selection converts DP cells into cytokine-responsive thymocytes, but it is subsequent signaling by intrathymic cytokines that specifies CD8 lineage choice and promotes differentiation into cytotoxic-lineage T cells.