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Tinsley, Kevin W.,Hong, Changwan,Luckey, Megan A.,Park, Joo-Young,Kim, Grace Y.,Yoon, Hee-won,Keller, Hilary R.,Sacks, Andrew J.,Feigenbaum, Lionel,Park, Jung-Hyun American Society of Hematology 2013 Blood Vol.122 No.14
<P>The zinc-finger protein Ikaros is a key player in T-cell development and a potent tumor suppressor in thymocytes. To understand the molecular basis of its function, we disabled Ikaros activity in vivo using a dominant negative Ikaros transgene (DN-IkTg). In DN-IkTg mice, T-cell development was severely suppressed, and positively selected thymocytes clonally expanded, resulting in a small thymus with a heavily skewed T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. Notably, DN-IkTg induced vigorous proliferation concomitant to downregulation of antiapoptotic factor expression such as Bcl2. Ikaros activity was required during positive selection, and specifically at the CD4<SUP>+</SUP>CD8<SUP>lo</SUP> intermediate stage of thymocyte differentiation, where it prevented persistent TCR signals from inducing aberrant proliferation and expansion. In particular, DN-IkTg induced the accumulation of CD4 single-positive (SP) thymocytes with a developmentally transitional phenotype, and it imposed a developmental arrest accompanied by massive apoptosis. Thus, we identified an in vivo requirement for Ikaros function, which is to suppress the proliferative potential of persistent TCR signals and to promote the survival and differentiation of positively selected thymocytes.</P>
Resolving the Dilemma of Differences in International Negotiations : A Dual Lens Approach
Kwak, Ro Sung,Tinsley, Catherine 한국협상학회 1999 협상연구 Vol.5 No.1
Classical economic and negotiation theorists argue that cross-boarder differences can serve as the basis for joint gains in international negotiations. Psychologists and sociologists, on the other hand, maintain that cross-boarder differences can impede negotiator interaction, which inhibits value creation. As one of the twin papers on the effective approaches to international negotiations, this paper argues that this dilemma of differences might be addressed by adopting a dual lens approach which views the international negotiation as both an exchange between individuals and as an exchange that is embedded in two(or more) socio-cultural contexts. We conclude by explaining why this dual lens approach might be more efficient and effective for creating value in international negotiations, than either the single lens of the integrative bargaining approach or of the cultural differences approach.