Impact of Economic Determinants on the Scale Effect of Cross Border Merger and Acquisition: A Comparison between Developed and Emerging Economies

Farah NAZ,Abdul Qayyum KHAN,Muhammad Yar KHAN 한국유통과학회 2022 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.9 No.5

The main reason for the increase in cross-border mergers and acquisitions in developed and emerging countries is globalization and growing economic interdependence across countries. The state of the economy has a significant impact on whether cross-border mergers and acquisitions are encouraged or discouraged by international strategic capital market changes. This study empirically evaluates the influence of determinants of economic development on the scale effect of Cross Border M&As separately on emerging and developed nations as a research gap. We first separated the small and large scale firms based on companies’ worth and used panel regression to analyze the impact of GDP, employment rate, and market capitalization on cross-border merger & acquisition deals over the period of 2008-2018. Results indicate that GDP and market capitalization have a positive effect on CBM&A, whereas employment rate has a negative effect on CBM&A deals in large-scale firms of both emerging and developed countries. This study results offer the implication for the potential investors and policymakers to strategically analyze the implementation of cross-border mergers & acquisitions.

An Artificial Intelligence Approach for Word Semantic Similarity Measure of Hindi Language

( Farah Younas ),( Jumana Nadir ),( Muhammad Usman ),( Muhammad Attique Khan ),( Sajid Ali Khan ),( Seifedine Kadry ),( Yunyoung Nam ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2021 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.15 No.6

AI combined with NLP techniques has promoted the use of Virtual Assistants and have made people rely on them for many diverse uses. Conversational Agents are the most promising technique that assists computer users through their operation. An important challenge in developing Conversational Agents globally is transferring the groundbreaking expertise obtained in English to other languages. AI is making it possible to transfer this learning. There is a dire need to develop systems that understand secular languages. One such difficult language is Hindi, which is the fourth most spoken language in the world. Semantic similarity is an important part of Natural Language Processing, which involves applications such as ontology learning and information extraction, for developing conversational agents. Most of the research is concentrated on English and other European languages. This paper presents a Corpus-based word semantic similarity measure for Hindi. An experiment involving the translation of the English benchmark dataset to Hindi is performed, investigating the incorporation of the corpus, with human and machine similarity ratings. A significant correlation to the human intuition and the algorithm ratings has been calculated for analyzing the accuracy of the proposed similarity measures. The method can be adapted in various applications of word semantic similarity or module for any other language.

New antimicrobial flavonoids and chalcone from Colutea armata

Farah Inamullah,Itrat Fatima,Sadia Khan,Mehdi Hassan Kazmi,Abdul Malik,Rasool Bakhsh Tareen,Tanveer Abbas 대한약학회 2017 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.40 No.8

Colucins A (1) and B (2), new flavonoids andcolucone (3), the new chalcone derivative, have been isolatedfrom the CHCl3-soluble fraction of the whole plant ofColutea armata along with luteolin (4), luteolin 7-O-b-Dglucoside(5), isoliquiritigenin (6), trans-caffeic acid (7)and stigmasterol (8) reported for the first time from thisspecies. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopictechniques including MS and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant antimicrobialactivity against two Gram positive and three Gram negativebacterial strains while 3 was moderately active.

Sequence Analysis of Hypothetical Proteins from Helicobacter pylori 26695 to Identify Potential Virulence Factors

Ahmad Abu Turab Naqvi,Farah Anjum,Faez Iqbal Khan,Asimul Islam,Faizan Ahmad,Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan 한국유전체학회 2016 Genomics & informatics Vol.14 No.3

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacteria that is responsible for gastritis in human. Its spiral flagellated body helps in locomotion and colonization in the host environment. It is capable of living in the highly acidic environment of the stomach with the help of acid adaptive genes. The genome of H. pylori 26695 strain contains 1,555 coding genes that encode 1,445 proteins. Out of these, 340 proteins are characterized as hypothetical proteins (HP). This study involves extensive analysis of the HPs using an established pipeline which comprises various bioinformatics tools and databases to find out probable functions of the HPs and identification of virulence factors. After extensive analysis of all the 340 HPs, we found that 104 HPs are showing characteristic similarities with the proteins with known functions. Thus, on the basis of such similarities, we assigned probable functions to 104 HPs with high confidence and precision. All the predicted HPs contain representative members of diverse functional classes of proteins such as enzymes, transporters, binding proteins, regulatory proteins, proteins involved in cellular processes and other proteins with miscellaneous functions. Therefore, we classified 104 HPs into aforementioned functional groups. During the virulence factors analysis of the HPs, we found 11 HPs are showing significant virulence. The identification of virulence proteins with the help their predicted functions may pave the way for drug target estimation and development of effective drug to counter the activity of that protein.

Sequence Analysis of Hypothetical Proteins from Helicobacter pylori 26695 to Identify Potential Virulence Factors

Naqvi, Ahmad Abu Turab,Anjum, Farah,Khan, Faez Iqbal,Islam, Asimul,Ahmad, Faizan,Hassan, Md. Imtaiyaz Korea Genome Organization 2016 Genomics & informatics Vol.14 No.3

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacteria that is responsible for gastritis in human. Its spiral flagellated body helps in locomotion and colonization in the host environment. It is capable of living in the highly acidic environment of the stomach with the help of acid adaptive genes. The genome of H. pylori 26695 strain contains 1,555 coding genes that encode 1,445 proteins. Out of these, 340 proteins are characterized as hypothetical proteins (HP). This study involves extensive analysis of the HPs using an established pipeline which comprises various bioinformatics tools and databases to find out probable functions of the HPs and identification of virulence factors. After extensive analysis of all the 340 HPs, we found that 104 HPs are showing characteristic similarities with the proteins with known functions. Thus, on the basis of such similarities, we assigned probable functions to 104 HPs with high confidence and precision. All the predicted HPs contain representative members of diverse functional classes of proteins such as enzymes, transporters, binding proteins, regulatory proteins, proteins involved in cellular processes and other proteins with miscellaneous functions. Therefore, we classified 104 HPs into aforementioned functional groups. During the virulence factors analysis of the HPs, we found 11 HPs are showing significant virulence. The identification of virulence proteins with the help their predicted functions may pave the way for drug target estimation and development of effective drug to counter the activity of that protein.

Effect of crosslinker feed content on catalaytic activity of silver nanoparticles fabricated in multiresponsive microgels

Zahoor Hussain Farooqi,Shanza Rauf Khan,Tajamal Hussain,Robina Begum,Kiran Ejaz,Shumaila Majeed,Muhammad Ajmal,Farah Kanwal,Mohammad Siddiq 한국화학공학회 2014 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.31 No.9

We investigated the effect of crosslinking density of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) micro-gels on catalytic activity of silver nanoparticles fabricated hybrid microgels. Multiresponsive poly(N-isopropyl acryla-mide-co-acrylic acid) microgels with 2, 4, 6 and 8 mole percentage of N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide were synthesizedby emulsion polymerization. These microgels were characterized by dynamic light scattering and were used as mi-croreactors to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Hybrid system was characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Thecatalytic activity of hybrid microgels with different crosslinker content was compared by studying the reduction of p-nitrophenol as a model reaction. Kinetics of reaction was monitored by spectrophotometry. The value of the apparentrate constant decreases from 0.568 to 0.313 min−1, when content of crosslinker are increased from 2 to 8 mole percent-age respectively. This decreases in value of apparent rate constant is due to increase in diffusional barrier offered byhigh crosslinking of polymer network at high mole percentages of N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide.

Clouding phenomenon of amphiphilic drug promazine hydrochloride solutions: Influence of pharmaceutical excipients

Malik Abdul Rub,Naved Azum,Dileep Kumar,Farah Khan,Abdullah M. Asiri 한국공업화학회 2015 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.21 No.1

Various additives viz. hydrotropes, bile salts, fatty acid and cyclodextrin effect on the cloudpoint (CP) behavior of amphiphilic drug promazine hydrochloride (PMZ) in 1 mmol dm 3 14-4-14 + 10 mmol dm 3 sodium phosphate (SP) buffer solutions have been investigated in the present study. These various additives are usually used as pharmaceutical excipients. The additives like anionichydrotropes, bile salts and fatty acid salts increase the CP of PMZ, when added in low concentrations,whereas at high concentration, decrease it. Cationic and nonionic hydrotropes increase the CP of PMZsolutions at all concentration. Cyclodextrin behave like simple sugar is found to decrease the CP of thedrug solutions at all concentrations. Gemini surfactant (14-4-14) has been found a better surfactant thatcan prevent clouding under physiological condition. It can thus be used as a drug-carrier system thatincreases the storage stability. The thermodynamic parameters are also evaluated: where DGocis foundto be negative and DHoc and TDSocvalues are negative as well as positive depending upon type and natureof additive.

Micellization behavior of mixtures of amphiphilic promazine hydrochloride and cationic aniline hydrochloride in aqueous and electrolyte solutions

Malik Abdul Rub,Naved Azum,Farah Khan,Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi,Abdullah M. Asiri 한국화학공학회 2015 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.32 No.10

We studied the influence of cationic hydrotrope aniline hydrochloride on the micellization behavior of cationic amphiphilic phenothiazine drug promazine hydrochloride in the presence and absence of 50mmol kg−1 NaCl. The experimental critical micelle concentration (CMC) values came out to be lower than ideal CMC (CMCid) values, signifying attractive interactions between the two components in mixed micelles. NaCl further decreases the CMC of pure PMZ and aniline hydrochloride as well as their mixture due to screening of the electrostatic repulsion among the polar head groups. The bulk properties of solution were examined by using different theoretical models for justification and comparison of results. The micellar mole fraction of aniline hydrochloride (X1 Rub, X1 M, X1 Rod and X1 id) was evaluated by different proposed models, showing greater contribution of hydrotrope in mixed micelle. The negative values of interaction parameter (β) indicate synergistic interactions and negative values of β further decrease by the addition of salt in mixed systems. From the CMC values as a function of temperature, various thermodynamic properties have been evaluated and discussed in detail.

The impact of corticosteroid use on inpatients with inflammatory bowel disease and positive polymerase chain reaction for Clostridium difficile

Huei-Wen Lim,Isaiah P. Schuster,Ramona Rajapakse,Farah Monzur,Sundas Khan,Keith Sultan 대한장연구학회 2019 Intestinal Research Vol.17 No.2

Background/Aims: Optimal management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with concomitant Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is controversial, especially when CDI diagnosis is made by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, which may reflect colonization without infection. Methods: We performed a multicenter review of all inpatients with IBD and PCR diagnosed CDI. Outcomes included length of stay, 30- and 90-day readmission, colectomy during admission and within 3 months, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, CDI relapse and death for patients who received corticosteroid (CS) after CDI diagnosis versus those that did not. Propensity-adjusted regression analysis of outcomes based on CS usage was performed. Results: We identified 177 IBD patients with CDI, 112 ulcerative colitis and 65 Crohn’s disease. For IBD overall, CS after CDI diagnosis was associated with prolonged hospitalization (5.5 days: 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–9.6 days; P=0.008), higher colectomy rate within 3 months (odds ratio [OR], 5.5; 95% CI, 1.1–28.2; P=0.042) and more frequent ICU admissions (OR, 7.8; 95% CI, 1.5–41.6; P=0.017) versus no CS. CS use post-CDI diagnosis in UC patients was associated with prolonged hospitalization (6.2 days: 95% CI, 0.4–12.0 days; P=0.036) and more frequent ICU admissions (OR, 7.4; 95% CI, 1.1–48.7; P=0.036). Conclusions: CS use among IBD inpatients with CDI diagnosed by PCR is associated with poorer outcomes and would seem to reinforce the importance of C. difficile toxin assay to help distinguish colonization from infection. This adverse effect appears more prominent among those with UC. (Intest Res 2019;17:244-252)

Effect of low levels of hydrotropes on micellization of phenothiazine drug

Sulaiman Y. M. Alfaifi,Dileep Kumar,Malik Abdul Rub,Farah Khan,Naved Azum,Anish Khan,Abdullah M. Asiri,Hurija Džudžević-Čančar 한국화학공학회 2021 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.38 No.2

Interactions within mixtures of the phenothiazine drug promethazine hydrochloride (PMH) and cationic hydrotropes ortho-toluidine hydrochloride (o-TDH) and para-toluidine hydrochloride (p-TDH) were investigated at different ratios and temperatures via conductometry to understand various physicochemical properties. Critical micelle concentration (cmc) was less than values of cmcid (cmc in ideal mixed system), indicating significant interaction among the studied constituents in solution mixtures. The cmc of pure PMH was also determined by measuring the surface tension for comparison. A variety of micellization thermodynamic parameters (Gibbs free energy [Gm 0 ], change in standard enthalpy [Hm 0 ], and change in entropy [Sm 0 ]) were computed using conductometry. The micellar mole fraction (X1 Rb, X1 Rod, and X1 id) of hydrotropes estimated by various theoretical models (Rubingh, Rodenas, and Motomura) was assessed, and the results showed a greater contribution of hydrotropes in mixed micelles along with their values increasing via an increase in mole fraction (1) of hydrotropes (o-TDH/p-TDH). Negative  values suggest extremely favorable attractive interaction/synergism, as declines occurred in the whole quantity of amphiphile used for the desired purpose, leading to a drop of expenditure along with ecological concern. Obtained activity coefficients (f1 and f2) were always beneath unity, meaning nonideality was found between PMH and o-TDH/p-TDH. Like the conductivity method, the UV-visible and FT-IR techniques also demonstrate the interaction between the PMH and o-TDH/p-TDH.