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Elisabeth Arti Wulandari(Elisabeth Arti Wulandari) 건국대학교 아시아·디아스포라 연구소 2023 International Journal of Diaspora&Cultural Critici Vol.13 No.1
This article examines the evolution of the intertwined narratives of nation and womanhood in three iconic Indonesian novels: Belenggu (1940), Sri Sumarah (1975), and Durga Umayi (1991), each of which, respectively, depicts female protagonists wrestling with life challenges during three different historical epochs of the Indonesian nation-state. I argue that these novels portray three distinct conceptions of an evolving Indonesian nationalism as reflected through the struggles of these characters. The first of these, Belenggu, highlights the hybrid nature of emerging Indonesian nationalism through the symbolic deployment of hybrid music–keroncong–as a central trope. The second novel, Sri Sumarah, depicts the culturally idealized qualities of a submissive woman–embodied in its titular character–and the gendered nature of nationalism. The third, Durga Umayi, kaleidoscopically maps the biography of its heroine onto the triumphs and defeats of the nation as experienced from the perspective of the subaltern subject, thus depicting the project of nation-building as seen, experienced, and lived from an inferior social position. Taken together these three novels dramatize three different stages of Indonesia as “imagined community”: from the promise and the peril of the early years as an emerging nation-state, to its division along ideological lines before and after the 1965 coup, and ultimately to the failed promises attending the spread of neoliberalism and globalization in subsequent decades.
Trends and Challenges of Citizenship Education for Adults - A German Perspective
( Elisabeth Meilhammer ) 경북대학교 중등교육연구소 2019 Asia Pacific Journal of Educational Research Vol.2 No.1
The paper presents active citizenship as the main goal of citizenship education. It stresses the interdependence of democracy and active citizenship. It points out that active citizenship needs to be understood as a global concept, defined as participation in civil society, in the community or in political life on the basis of mutual respect and non-violence, and in accordance with human rights and democracy. The paper is based on the assumption that active citizenship in its full sense can only be achieved in adulthood, and that people need to learn how to be active citizens. While active citizenship is listed among the main objectives of the European Union, its development faces several challenges: (1) the formation of active citizens is dependent on economic and social preconditions; (2) the formation of active citizens is challenged by certain phenomena and developments in the digital age of “post-truth” and fake news; (3) the formation of active citizens depends on didactical settings that meet the learning needs of people. These challenges are discussed with respect to Germany and the European Union.
Schwann cell durotaxis can be guided by physiologically relevant stiffness gradients
Elisabeth B. Evans,Samantha W. Brady,Anubhav Tripathi,Diane Hoffman-Kim 한국생체재료학회 2018 생체재료학회지 Vol.22 No.2
Background: Successful nerve regeneration depends upon directed migration of morphologically specialized repair state Schwann cells across a nerve defect. Although several groups have studied directed migration of Schwann cells in response to chemical or topographic cues, the current understanding of how the mechanical environment influences migration remains largely understudied and incomplete. Therefore, the focus of this study was to evaluate Schwann cell migration and morphodynamics in the presence of stiffness gradients, which revealed that Schwann cells can follow extracellular gradients of increasing stiffness, in a form of directed migration termed durotaxis. Methods: Polyacrylamide substrates were fabricated to mimic the range of stiffness found in peripheral nerve tissue. We assessed Schwann cell response to substrates that were either mechanically uniform or embedded with a shallow or steep stiffness gradient, respectively corresponding to the mechanical niche present during either the fluid phase or subsequent matrix phase of the peripheral nerve regeneration process. We examined cell migration (velocity and directionality) and morphology (elongation, spread area, nuclear aspect ratio, and cell process dynamics). We also characterized the surface morphology of Schwann cells by scanning electron microscopy. Results: On laminin-coated polyacrylamide substrates embedded with either a shallow (∼0.04 kPa/mm) or steep (∼0.95 kPa/mm) stiffness gradient, Schwann cells displayed durotaxis, increasing both their speed and directionality along the gradient materials, fabricated with elastic moduli in the range found in peripheral nerve tissue. Uniquely and unlike cell behavior reported in other cell types, the durotactic response of Schwann cells was not dependent upon the slope of the gradient. When we examined whether durotaxis behavior was accompanied by a pro-regenerative Schwann cell phenotype, we observed altered cell morphology, including increases in spread area and the number, elongation, and branching of the cellular processes, on the steep but not the shallow gradient materials. This phenotype emerged within hours of the cells adhering to the materials and was sustained throughout the 24 hour duration of the experiment. Control experiments also showed that unlike most adherent cells, Schwann cells did not alter their morphology in response to uniform substrates of different stiffnesses. Conclusion: This study is notable in its report of durotaxis of cells in response to a stiffness gradient slope, which is greater than an order of magnitude less than reported elsewhere in the literature, suggesting Schwann cells are highly sensitive detectors of mechanical heterogeneity. Altogether, this work identifies durotaxis as a new migratory modality in Schwann cells, and further shows that the presence of a steep stiffness gradient can support a pro-regenerative cell morphology.