Animalized Asians in Li-Young Lee`s “The Cleaving” and Myung Mi Kim’s Poetics of Commons

( Dae Joong Kim ) 한국영어영문학회 2013 영어 영문학 Vol.59 No.3

This paper aims to address Asian (im)migrants` animalized or Otherized humanity and representations of humanity transposed to animlaity in two poets` poems (Li-Young Lee and Myung Mi Kim) which jointly create a constellation that provides a universal picture of Asians in oppressive history. By this analysis, this paper endeavors to envision two cross-ethnic and cross-aesthetic relations between Li-Young Lee`s commonplace of animalized Asians and Myung Mi Kim`s poetics of commons. Li-Young Lee`s poem, “Cleaving” raises a fundamental question of historicity related to beings` facticity and visualizes, as an ontological de-hierarchization, death as commonly relational ethos of all beings. By these fundamental question and visualization Lee posits this imagery of history and universal Being to physical and spiritual imageries of immigrants; in turn, Lee ends his poem with an image of gathering of all different immigrants into a common place or a ring where the alterity on their faces requires ethical responsibility. Myung Mi Kim`s poems, relational and experimental, draw a constellation which delivers ideas about animalized humanity in the context of global violence such as wars and colonization of Korea and other nations. This paper especially focuses two long poems from her Commons which can be read as a manifesto of her poetics. This paper also shows how Myung Mi Kim traces Western philosophies, aesthetics, and their spirits by forming commons as a literary space of a community through the rhythm of historicity from which she envisages a space of errancy or a trans-spatial experience.

신체유물론적 시각에서 본 심대윤의 ‘노동 옹호 윤리학’

김대중 ( Kim Dae-joong ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2020 民族文化硏究 Vol.88 No.-

본 논문은 신체유물론적 시각에서 심대윤(沈大允, 1806-1872)의 복리사상(福利思想)을 탐색한다. ‘신체유물론’은 말 그대로 인간의 ‘몸’, 인간의 동물성과 신체 활동에 주안점을 둔 것이다. 흔히 심대윤의 복리사상은 이익 추구를 인간의 자연스러운 본성으로 긍정한 것으로 알려져 있다. 그런데 이익을 산출하는 것은 노동 행위이고 노동은 곧 육체 행위이다. 따라서 ‘이익 추구’보다 선차적 중요성을 갖는 것은 ‘몸’과 ‘노동’이다. 본고는 인간의 ‘몸’과 ‘노동’에 대한 심대윤의 사유에 주목하여, 일단 심대윤 자신의 노동 체험을 다각도로 분석한 다음, 심대윤의 ‘육체 긍정 사상’ 및 ‘노동 옹호 사상’을 살펴보고, 심대윤 사상의 서민적 지향을 두루 조망한다. 이런 사상적 면모는 제작자의 유물론적 감수성 및 생활 감각을 투영한 것으로 판단되는바, 인간의 육체성 및 신체활동에 대한 풍부한 사유를 내장하고 있다는 점에서 주목된다. This paper explores the welfare ideas of Shim Dae-yun (沈大允, 1806-1872) from the perspective of soma-materialism. Soma-materialism focuses on the human body, animality and physical activity. It is frequently mentioned that Shim regarded the pursuit of profit as a human nature. But it is labor that produces profits and labor is a physical act. Therefore it is body and labor that have preponderance importance over profit-seeking. Focusing on Shim’s ideas about human body and labor, this paper first analyzes Shim’s own labor experience from various perspectives, then examines Shim’s thought of body and labor, and investigates traces of mentality of ordinary people and working-class projected in Shim’s thought. Through these discussions, it is judged that Shim’s thought has various ideas about human body and show materialistic consciousness well.

논문 : 『시경(詩經)』『큰 쥐(碩鼠)』와 김시습의 「큰 쥐」 비교 연구

김대중 ( Dae Joong Kim ) 민족문학사학회·민족문학사연구소 2013 민족문학사연구 Vol.51 No.-

본고는 김시습(金時習, 1435∼1493)의 「큰 쥐(碩鼠)」와 『시경(詩經)』 「큰 쥐」의 비 교 연구이다. 김시습의 「큰 쥐」는 『시경』「큰 쥐」에 바탕을 둔다. 따라서 김시습이 『시경』의 어떤 전통을 자각적으로 계승했는지, 그와 동시에 어떤 창의적인 전변(轉變)을 이루 었는지, 김시습의 「큰 쥐」는 『시경』「큰 쥐」에 비해 어떤 변별적인 특징을 갖는지 등등을 구체적으로 밝히기 위해서는 두 작품 간의 비교 고찰이 필요하다. 비교 연구의 궁극적인 목표는 현실 비판시를 새롭게 인식하기 위한 연구 방법을 모색하는 것이다. 과거에 민족문학론이 힘을 얻었을 때 현실 비판시에 대한 연구는 활기를 띠었지만 이제는 그렇지 않다. 본고는 이런 상황에서 현실 비판시를 『시경』이라는 고전적 전통과의 관계 속에서 재인식하기 위한 시도이다. This is a comparative study on Kim si-seup(金時習, 1435∼1493)`s ``Big Mouse``(碩鼠) and the poetry of the same title included in the Book of Poetry(詩經). Kim`s ``Big Mouse`` is based upon ``Big Mouse`` of the Book of Poetry. Therefore, it is necessary to compare these two works in order to explain how Kim appropriated the literary tradition of the Book of Poetry, and what the peculiarity of Kim`s ``Big Mouse`` is. The ultimate aim of this study is to investigate new methodology which can help new understanding of critical poetry written in classical Chinese during Choseon period. When the realistic literary theory based on counter-nationalism got wide consent, many scholars studied the critical poetry written in classical Chinese during Choseon period. But such studies are seldom found nowadays. This study is an attempt to reconsider critical poetry written in classical Chinese during Choseon period in relation to classical tradition.

신축학교 실내공기질이 초등학생들의 인지기능에 미치는 영향

김태섭,김선주,박시영,전만중,김규태,김창윤,정종학,백성옥,사공준 대한산업의학회 2007 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.19 No.1

목적: 신축초등학교와 대조학교를 선정하여 교실 내 포름알데히드와 TVOCs를 측정하고 컴퓨터 신경행동검사를 이용하여 실내공기 오염물질이 학생들의 인지기능에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 방법: 신축초등학교 5학년 71명을 실내공기 오염물질 노출군으로 하고, 개교한지 12년째인 대구시의 일개 초등학교 5학년 2학급 63명을 대조군으로 하여 실내공기 오염물질농도 측정 및 컴퓨터 신경행동검사를 실시하였다. 결과: 신축학교에서 의도적으로 창문을 개방한 학급에서 1교시 포름알데히드 농도는 34.6 ㎍/㎥, 4교시에는 27.3 ㎍/㎥, 창문을 개방하지 않은 학급에서 1교시 80.2 ㎍/㎥, 4교시 127.1 ㎍/㎥, 대조학교에서는 2학급 각각 1교시에 12.6 ㎍/㎥, 7.5 ㎍/㎥, 4교시에 19.8 ㎍/㎥, 25.2 ㎍/㎥였다. TVOCs의 경우 신축학교의 의도적으로 창문을 개방한 학급에서 1교시에 농도는 487.2 ㎍/㎥, 4교시에 428.2 ㎍/㎥, 창문을 개방하지 않은 학급에서 1 교시에 농도는 1,283.5 ㎍/㎥, 4교시에 1,715.4 ㎍/㎥, 대조학교의 경우 2학급에서 각각 1교시에 농도는 240.9 ㎍/㎥, 150.8 ㎍/㎥, 4교시에 농도는 371.9 ㎍/㎥, 448.0 ㎍/㎥였다. 부호숫자 짝짓기의 평균반응시간은 대조학급이 1교시에 2,585 msec에서 4교시에 2,459 msec으로 감소한 반면 신축학교의 창문을 의도적으로 개방한 학급은 2,343 msec에서 2,510 msec으로, 평소대로 수업한 학급은 2,340 msec에서 2,563 msec으로 반응시간이 각각 167 msec, 223 msec 증가하였다. 1교시의 부호숫자 짝짓기 의 반응시간을 100%로 했을 때 창문을 의도적으로 개방 한 학급은 4교시에 5.9% 증가하였고(p<0.01), 평소대로 수업한 학급은8.3% 증가하였다(p<0.01). 반면에 대조학급은 4교시에 5.0% 감소하였다(p<0.01). 결론: 향후 학교의 실내공기질의 안전성 평가는 샘플링 된 공기의 오염수준의 측정뿐만 아니라 학생들의 건강영향도 함께 고려되는 것이 바람직할 것이다. Objectives: Most studies on the indoor air quality of newly built schools have focused only on the number of schools exceeding a standard or on subjective symptoms, such as sneezing, irritated eyes and an irritated nose. However, there has been no report on how poor indoor air quality affects children's academic performance. This study evaluated the effects of indoor air quality on the neurobehavioral performance of elementary school children. Methods: This study measured the indoor air pollutants and compared children's performance, using a computerized neurobehavioral test, between a newly built and a 12-year-old school. In addition, a questionnaire was administered regarding the indoor air quality related symptoms of children in a newly built and a 12-year-old school. Results: In the newly built school, the formaldehyde levels in the 1^(st) and 4^(th) classes with an open window were 34.6 and 27.3 μg/㎥, respectively. The levels in the 1^(st) and 4^(th) classes with the window closed were 80.2 and 127.1 μg/㎥, respectively. In the 12-year-old school, the formaldehyde levels in 1^(st) and 4^(th) class with open and closed window were 12.6 and 7.5 μg/㎥, and 19.8 and 25.2 μg/㎥, respectively. With respect to total volatile organic compounds, the levels in the 1^(st) and 4^(th) classes with the window open in the newly built school were 87.2 and 428.2 μg/㎥, respectively. In the 1^(st) and 4^(th) classes with the window closed, the total volatile organic compounds were 1,283.5 and 1,715.4 μg/㎥, respectively. In the 12-year-old school, the total volatile organic compounds were 240.9 and 150.8 μg/㎥, and 371.9 and 448.0 μg/㎥ in the 1^(st) and 4^(th) classes, respectively. In the case of a newly built school, the performance of the students in the neurobehavioral test in the 4^(th) class with the window closed was 8.3% lower than for those in the 1^(st) class with the window closed, but was only 5.9% lower when the windows were open. There was a statistical significant difference in the total numbers of symptoms between the two schools. Conclusions: These results suggest a proper evaluation of the indoor air quality within schools is required into both the level of contamination and the health effects of these contaminants toward children.

Race Out of Joint: (Im)possibility of Post-raciality

( Kim¸ Dae-joong ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2016 영어권문화연구 Vol.9 No.3

In this paper, I contend that post-raciality is a strategically- created ideological fantasy that blocks people from opening their eyes wide to behold the truth of the discursive network of such ideological state apparatuses as colonialism, gender, class, xenophobia, raciality, global capitalism, etc. The debates surrounding the possibility and accountability of post-Obama raciality, post-raciality, post-racial liberalism, or colorblindness have many discursive fronts. I examine a few of these fronts using several theorists’ contention over the meaning of post-raciality; and then, I discuss how problematic the post-racial discourses can be. Michel Foucault discusses how the state made use of racism to establish nationalism and national conflicts as an ironical strategy to keep national unity. Etienne Balibar argues for a ‘differential racism’ that applies traditional racial categorization and strategies of oppression to new immigrants or migrants. Omi and Winant maintain that the race has been formed by the racial state whose foundation itself is linked to the history of racism (racial dictatorship) and racial movement (racial democracy) that resist it. Paul Gilory points out the operation of the same bio-politics in the discourse of race, while he fully embraces the idea of post-raciality as the global racial reality. Yet, Gilroy’s audacious challenges against the significance of race in the postmodern culture sounds only partially legitimate. Reading through those theories, in this paper I argue that post-raciality is an ideological fantasy that hover over the dark racial reality where white supremacy and differential racism work.

The Machine and Garden in Almanac of the Dead

( Kim¸ Dae-joong ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2009 영어권문화연구 Vol.2 No.1

This paper aims for comparison of the origin of European American's ideologies as they appear in the writings of early European colonialists and the Native American's criticism about them in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Almanac of the Dead. To discuss the ideologies, I call them the ‘garden’ and ‘machine’ ideologies. The terms were first used by Leo Marx in his The Machine in the Garden to criticize ideologies of American society from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries. In Almanac of the Dead, the ‘garden’ and ‘machine’ ideologies have become extreme individualism, racial discrimination and manipulative industrial capitalism, which result in tragedy for all the characters. However, these ideological apparatuses are imploded by three functions of the almanac that represents the power of Native American history. The almanac in Almanac of the Dead fulfills has three functions. First, it connects the small narratives and disrupts the Euro-American ideologies and discourses in terms of the ecological point of view. Second, the almanac reveals the minorities' lost identities. Third, the almanac symbolizes the solidarity which minorities must forge to destroy Euro-American manipulative colonialism.

Korean Americans in the Space of Racial Formation

( Kim¸ Dae Joong ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2012 영어권문화연구 Vol.5 No.1

This paper aims to show how Asian Americans, especially Korean Americans, as a race or ethnic group has been represented in early immigration history. In the postmodern global society, social status of Asian Americans is overdetermined by ideologies of the model minority. To understand these phenomena, research on the racial space or urban ethnic enclaves Korean Americans have created is necessary. In this regard, spatial theory can be a theoretical framework Asian American literary scholars can take. Applying various spatial theories which emphasize spatial interconnection of different spaces the oppressed create to resist authentic rule of the teleological history, in this paper, I will analyze how the early Korean immigration history created the dialectic space of utopia and heterotopia in the Korean enclave within the complex, hegemonic context of nationalism, class, racism, and colonialism. For this project, I will analyze Clay Walls written by Ronyoung Kim. By this research, I will also demonstrate the spatial meaning of race and racism in early Korean immigration societies in the U.S. history. And then, I will argue that this Korean enclave, founded by early Korean immigrants who were the ideologues of nationalism aspiring to build an ethnic utopia, are placed in a contradictory relation to heterotopia for the second generation.

Meaning of Crossing Borderlines and Differential Movement in Chicana Literature

( Kim¸ Dae-joong ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2017 영어권문화연구 Vol.10 No.2

This paper aims to deliberately describe and critically review the genealogy of Chicana literature, especially novels, via Chicana theorists’ critical lens―Emma Perez’s ‘decolonial imagination’ and Chela Sandoval’s ‘Methodology of the Oppressed.’ Tracing Chicana literary history, I will first of all analyze a groundbreaking novel, Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton’s Who Would Have Thought it?, which has been regarded as one of the groundbreaking major Chicana literary texts. In turn, I will analyze another historical Chicana literary and critical text, Gloria Anzaldúa’s Borderlands/La Frontera utilizing Emma Perez’s theory. Through this analysis, I will probe deeply into the meaning of crossing imaginary, ideological and real borderlines across racism, colonialism, and sexism for Chicana writers. In the last section, I will interpret Norma Elia Cantu’s Canicula-Snapshots of a Girlhood with theoretical scaffolding of Chela Sandoval’s semiotic critique. The images and written texts in this experimental pseudo -memoir semiotically deconstruct ideologies of the U.S. where only white mythology dominates. After all, I envision a literary constellation where borders become emblem in which Chicana’s voices resonate with other ethnic women writers’ memories.

De-subjectification and Meaning of Faceless Other in The English Patient

( Kim¸ Dae-joong ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2014 영어권문화연구 Vol.7 No.2

This paper aims to explore Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient to find how modern subjectivity and modern art have proved to be exhaustible through modern history and modern art history by closely reading the novel with theoretical scaffoldings including Deleuze and Guattari's idea of nomadism and de-subjecitification and the contextualization between life and book. On the surface level, the novel adopts a detective/war plot but severely maimed face of the English patient, the protagonist, is the focal point in this novel inquiring what the meaning of this erased faciality is. In fact, the English patient's face, a metaphor of the corporeal book and the history, figuratively links to the geography and geology of the Western-centered fascism and resistance. The English patient at first chooses absolute deterritorialization but his nomadic journey fails as he becomes obsessed with possession of Katherine. Yet, the English patient's persistent efforts to disguise himself also opens a way of communication to heal not only his trauma but other characters'. Through these analysis and arguments, this paper intimates that de-subjectification through communicating Others via corporeal metaphor embodies true nomadism.

Asian; Lesbian; American

( Kim¸ Dae-joong ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2010 영어권문화연구 Vol.3 No.1

In this paper, I would like to explore Asian American lesbian literature to achieve three goals. First, I claim that the study of Asian American lesbian literature as a part of lesbians of color in the U.S. can break through the traditional contentions in white dominated lesbian theories between lesbian feminism and queer studies, in that a study of lesbians of color located in a periphery position in lesbian culture can show the true complexity of lesbianism. It can also show the possibility of activism and solidarity, and common ground for anti-racism and anti- heterosexuality. In this regard, literary texts written by Asian American lesbians, though they are relatively few at this time in history, revealsa map where culture, gender, and race are cognitively mapped. Second, in order to point out the limit of epistemological categorization of lesbianism and to find out the more concrete and material position of lesbian experience, I explore the meaning of body in Asian American lesbian literature. To present a better theoretical account, I sketch and adopt Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology, with its emphasis on intersubjectivity. Then, to support this hypothesis, I deal with several short stories and a novel written by Asian American lesbian writers. Third, I expand the intersubjective space of the body to the social space where lesbians live and form community. Such spaces as home, camp and public bathrooms where women meet produce a lesbian culture that also reflects the contradictions of the social body to which they belong. I argue that utopian lesbian spaces are interwoven with heterotopia in terms of Foucault's theory about space. However, this contradiction causes lesbians to produce imaginary and cultural spaces that can subvert hegemonic control of compulsory heterosexual culture in social space. After I explore this body and space of lesbians of color focusing on Asian American lesbian literature, I propose that we need to expand lesbian literary studies to the theoretical accounts of lesbianism in globalization, more broadly, the possibility of lesbians' global solidarity, and the possibility of global social revolution to change the compulsory heterosexual culture.