흰쥐 경골의 신연 골형성술에서 염증성 싸이토카인의 발현

황일웅(Il Ung Hwang),조태준(Tae-Joon Cho),최인호(In Ho Choi),정진엽(Chin Youb Chung),유원준(Won Joon Yoo),김은희(Eun Hee Kim) 대한정형외과학회 2004 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.39 No.1

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 신연 골형성술에서의 염증성 싸이토카인의 발현 양상을 일반 골절 치유 과정과 비교하는 것이다. 대상 및 방법: 흰쥐 경골의 단순 골절 치유 모델과 신연 골형성술 모델을 대상으로 3주에 걸쳐서 단계적으로 골 조직을 채취하였다. 총 리보핵산을 추출하고 각종 염증성 싸이토카인 발현의 시간적 변화를 검사하였다. 수술 후 7일과 9일째에 조직에서 면역조직화학 검사를 통해서 IL-6의 공간적 발현 양상을 조사하였다. 결과: IL-1β, IL-6는 단순 골절 치유 과정에서 수술 후 1일째에 발현이 절정에 달하였다가 3일째부터 발현이 감소하여 수술 전 상태로 회복되었다. IL-1β는 신연 골형성술 중 신연 기간에도 발현의 변화가 없었으나 IL-6은 신연을 시작함에 따라 다시 발현이 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 면역조직화학 검사장 IL-6은 골수 세포 뿐 아니라 연골세포, 골모세포 그리고 신연 간격의 미성숙 간엽세포에서 발현이 확인되었다. 결론: 신연 변형력에 의한 IL-6의 발현이 유도되는 것을 확인하였으며, 이는 조절된 염증 반응이 신연 골형성술 과정에서 신생골 형성에 부분적으로 기여할 가능성을 시사하는 것으로 생각된다. Purpose: The purposes of this study were to investigate the expression pattern of pro-inflammatory cytokines during distraction osteogenesis and to compare these with expression during simple fracture healing. Materials and Methods: Regenerated bones from the rat tibia subjected distraction osteogenesis and simple fracture healing models were harvested over three-week periods. Temporal expressions of mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokines were investigated by RNase protection assay. Immunohistochemical studies for IL-6 were performed in postoperative day 7 and 9 tissue section specimens. Results: IL-1β and IL-6 produced detectable signals, while IL-1α, TNF α and TNF β did not. The mRNA expressions of IL-1β and IL-6 were markedly upregulated on postoperative day 1 and then subsided to the preoperative level. IL-1β mRNA expression remained the same even when distraction began. However, IL-6 mRNA expression was reactivated during the distraction phase. Immunohistochemical study revealed the expressions of IL-6 not only at the transitional zone of the transchondroid ossification, in young osteoblasts lining newly formed trabeculae and in hematopoietic cells in the marrow but also in primitive mesenchymal cells at the distraction gap. Conclusion: Distraction strain re-induced IL-6 expression during distraction osteogenesis, which suggests that well-controlled inflammatory reaction might contribute to active new bone formation in distraction osteogenesis.

Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor–related protein co-stimulation facilitates tumor regression by inducing IL-9–producing helper T cells

Kim, Il-Kyu,Kim, Byung-Seok,Koh, Choong-Hyun,Seok, Jae-Won,Park, Jun-Seok,Shin, Kwang-Soo,Bae, Eun-Ah,Lee, Ga-Eun,Jeon, Hyewon,Cho, Jaebeom,Jung, Yujin,Han, Daehee,Kwon, Byoung S,Lee, Ho-Young,Chung, Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2015 Nature medicine Vol.21 No.9

<P>T cell stimulation via glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-related protein (GITR) elicits antitumor activity in various tumor models; however, the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. Here we demonstrate a crucial role for interleukin (IL)-9 in antitumor immunity generated by the GITR agonistic antibody DTA-1. IL-4 receptor knockout (Il4ra(-/-)) mice, which have reduced expression of IL-9, were resistant to tumor growth inhibition by DTA-1. Notably, neutralization of IL-9 considerably impaired tumor rejection induced by DTA-1. In particular, DTA-1-induced IL-9 promoted tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses by enhancing the function of dendritic cells in vivo. Furthermore, GITR signaling enhanced the differentiation of IL-9-producing CD4(+) T-helper (T(H)9) cells in a TNFR-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)- and NF-kappa B-dependent manner and inhibited the generation of induced regulatory T cells in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that GITR co-stimulation mediates antitumor immunity by promoting T(H)9 cell differentiation and enhancing CTL responses and thus provide a mechanism of action for GITR agonist-mediated cancer immunotherapies.</P>

이질아메바에 의한 인체 대장상피세포주 HT-29에서의 interleukin-8 유전자의 발현

김정목,정현채,임경일,조양자,김정룡 INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE YONSEI UNIVERSITY 1995 YONSEI REPORTS ON TROPICAL MEDICINE Vol.26 No.1

이질아메바에 의한 장염 환자의 조직 또는 이질아메바를 실험적으로 감염시킨 동물의 조직 검사에서 호중구의 침윤이 특징적으로 관찰된다. 그러나 이와같은 호중구의 침윤을 설명할 수 있는 기전에 대한 연구는 매우 미흡하다. 따라서 본 연구자들은 아메바 감염 초기에 인체 대장상피세포에서 interleukin-8(IL-8)이 유도되어 호중구 침윤과 같은 염증반응이 유발될 것이라는 가설을 설정하였다. 이를 위하여 인체 대장상피세포주인 HT-29에 이질아메바 영양형을 실험적으로 노출시킨 뒤 발현되는 IL-8 mRNA를 역전사 중합효소법(reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR)으로 검사함과 동시에 발현된 IL-8 mRNA를 인공적으로 합성시킨 표준 RNA와 RT-PCR법을 이용하여 정량하였다. 실험 결과 이질아메바 영양형에 노출된 30분 후 부터 IL-8 mRNA가 발현되기 시작하였다. 그리고 그 발현 분자수는 노출 시간의 증가에 따라 계속 증가하여 3시간 대에는 3.1×10(7) molecules/㎍ total RNA를 나타내었다. 동시에 IL-8 mRNA의 발현은 노출시킨 이질아메바 영양형의 수에 비례하였다. 즉, HT-29/아메바 영양형의 비율이 10:1인 경우 IL-8 mRNA의 발현 분자수는 1.2×10(7) molecules/㎍ total RNA로 나타났다. 이와같은 IL-8 mRNA의 발현은 IL-8 단백질 분비로 이어짐을 ELISA 검사로 확인할 수 있었다. 한편 이질아메바 파쇄액(lysate)도 대장상피세포주인 Caco-2에서 IL-8 mRNA발현을 유도하였다. 결론적으로 본 실험은 이질아메바 감염 초기에 대장상피세포로 부터 IL-8이 발현되며 이에 의하여 염증반응이 촉발될 가능성이 있음을 시사해 준다. The protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, is one of major causative agents of intestinal disease all over the world. In acute experimental infection, the early host response to E. histolytica is characterized by an infiltration of neutrophils. However, the chemotactic signal for this response is not well known. Based on the finding that human epithelial cells produce the potent neutrophil chemoattractant and activator, interlukin-8 (IL-8), IL-8 gene expression was examined thoroughly in human colon epithelial cells exposed to E. histolytica trophozoites. Cellular RNAs were extracted from HT-29 or Caco-2 human colon epithelial cells exposed to E. histolytica trophozoities for 30 minutes. 1 and 3 hours. IL-8 mRNA transcripts were measured by reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using synthetic standard RNA. The number of IL-8 mRNA molecules increased from 30 minutes to 3 hours of exposure period, reaching 3.1×10(7) molecules/㎍ of total RNA. Expression pattern of IL-8 mRNA transcripts was parallel to the amounts of IL-8 protein measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lysates of E. histolytica also induced expression of mRNA for IL-8 in colon epithelial cells. These results suggest that acute inflammatory reaction by E. hisstolytica may be initially triggered by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 secreted from epithelial cells of the colon.

Protective Effects of Acorn (Quercus acutissima CARR.) against IgE-mediated Allergic and Ovalbumin (OVA)-Induced Asthmatic Responses via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress

Chung, Mi-Ja,Jo, Hang-Soo,Choi, Ha-Na,Cho, Soo-Muk,Park, Yong-Il The Korean Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and 2011 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.41 No.6

This work was performed to investigate the protective effect of ethanol extract (AEx) from acorn (Quercus acutissima CARR.) against allergic mediated responses in asthma model cells and mice. The AEx inhibited antigen-stimulated cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and AEx also inhibited intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation against IgE-mediated allergic response in rat basophilic leukaemia RBL-2H3 cells. The ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice were orally administered with AEx (100 or 300 mg/kg) and authentic tannic acid (75 mg/kg) every day for 15 days. Increased TNF-${\alpha}$ production by OVA-sensitization/challenge was significantly reduced by administration of AEx. The serum triglyceride levels of asthma mice were significantly reduced after feeding for 15 days with tannic acid or AEx. The mice fed with tannic acid or AEx also exhibited a significant reduction in body weights compared to those of asthma control group. The AEx increased the heme oxygenase (HO)-1 mRNA expression in the asthma model mice and showed DPPH radical scavenging activity. These results indicate that AEx protects against IgEmediated allergic and OVA-induced asthmatic responses via direct and indirect antioxidant activities. Reduced triglyceride and body weights may provide additional protective benefits of AEx on allergic asthma.

Comparison of Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Induction in Murine Macrophages between Whole Cell and Enzymatically Digested Bifidobacterium sp. Obtained from Monogastric Animals

Kim, Dong-Woon,Cho, Sung-Back,Lee, Hyun-Jeong,Chung, Wan-Tae,Kim, Kyoung-Hoon,HwangBo, Jong,Nam, In-Sik,Cho, Yong-Il,Yang, Mhan-Pyo,Chung, Il-Byung The Microbiological Society of Korea 2007 The journal of microbiology Vol.45 No.4

The principal objective of this study was to compare the effects of whole and hydrolyzed cells (bifidobacteria) treated with gastrointestinal digestive enzymes on the activation of cloned macrophages. Seven different strains of Bifidobacterium obtained from swine, chickens, and rats, were digested with pepsin followed by pancreatin and the precipitate (insoluble fraction) and supernatant (soluble fraction) obtained via centrifugation. The RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were incubated with either whole cells, the precipitate, or supernatant at various concentrations. Pronounced increases in the levels of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ were observed in the whole cells and precipitates, but these effects were less profound in the supernatants. The precipitates also evidenced a slight, but significant, inductive activity for NO and all tested cytokines, with the exception of $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ in the macrophage model as compared with the whole cells. By way of contrast, $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ production when cultured with whole cells (100 ng/ml) resulted in marked increases as compared with what was observed with the precipitates. The results of this study indicated, for the first time, that digested Bifidobacterium sp. can induce the production of NO and several cytokines in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. In the current study, it was demonstrated that Bifidobacterium strains treated with digestive enzymes, as compared with whole cells, are capable of stimulating the induction of macrophage mediators, which reflects that they may be able to modulate the gastrointestinal immune functions of the host.

Comparison of Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Induction in Murine Macrophages between Whole Cell and Enzymatically Digested Bifidobacterium sp. Obtained from Monogastric Animals

Dong Woon Kim,Sung Back Cho,Hyun Jeong Lee,Wan Tae Chung,Kyoung Hoon Kim,Jong Hwangbo,In Sik Nam,Young Il Cho,양만표,Il Byung Chung 한국미생물학회 2007 The journal of microbiology Vol.45 No.4

The principal objective of this study was to compare the effects of whole and hydrolyzed cells(bifidobacteria) treated with gastrointestinal digestive enzymes on the activation of cloned macrophages. Seven different strains of Bifidobacterium obtained from swine, chickens, and rats, were digested with pepsin followed by pancreatin and the precipitate (insoluble fraction) and supernatant (soluble fraction) obtained via centrifugation. The RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were incubated with either whole cells, the precipitate, or supernatant at various concentrations. Pronounced increases in the levels of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were observed in the whole cells and precipitates, but these effects were less profound in the supernatants. The precipitates also evidenced a slight, but significant, inductive activity for NO and all tested cytokines, with the exception of TNF-α in the macrophage model as compared with the whole cells. By way of contrast, TNF-α production when cultured with whole cells (100 ng/ml) resulted in marked increases as compared with what was observed with the precipitates. The results of this study indicated, for the first time, that digested Bifidobacterium sp. can induce the production of NO and several cytokines in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. In the current study, it was demonstrated that Bifidobacterium strains treated with digestive enzymes, as compared with whole cells, are capable of stimulating the induction of macrophage mediators, which reflects that they may be able to modulate the gastrointestinal immune functions of the host.

Adiponectin is a negative regulator of NK cell cytotoxicity.

Kim, Kun-Yong,Kim, Jae Kwang,Han, Seung Hyun,Lim, Jong-Seok,Kim, Keun Il,Cho, Dae Ho,Lee, Myeong-Sok,Lee, Jeong-Hyung,Yoon, Do-Young,Yoon, Suk Ran,Chung, Jin Woong,Choi, Inpyo,Kim, Eunjoon,Yang, Young American Association of Immunologists 2006 Journal of Immunology Vol.176 No.10

<P>NK cells are a key component of innate immune systems, and their activity is regulated by cytokines and hormones. Adiponectin, which is secreted from white adipose tissues, plays important roles in various diseases, including hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. In this study the effect of adiponectin on NK cell activity was investigated. Adiponectin was found to suppress the IL-2-enhanced cytotoxic activity of NK cells without affecting basal NK cell cytotoxicity and to inhibit IL-2-induced NF-kappaB activation via activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase, indicating that it suppresses IL-2-enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity through the AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB activation. IFN-gamma enhances NK cell cytotoxicity by causing an increase in the levels of expression of TRAIL and Fas ligand. The production of IFN-gamma, one of the NF-kappaB target genes in NK cells, was also found to be suppressed by adiponectin, accompanied by the subsequent down-regulation of IFN-gamma-inducible TRAIL and Fas ligand expression. These results clearly demonstrate that adiponectin is a potent negative regulator of IL-2-induced NK cell activation and thus may act as an in vivo regulator of anti-inflammatory functions.</P>

스트레스의 이론적 체계에 관한 연구

조정호,권순일 新羅大學校 1998 論文集 Vol.46 No.-

The way to accomplish effectively the organizational objective lies in the fulfillment of goals on the organizational level as well as individual levels. But most of organizational members are, to a certain degree, confronted with stress and thus have difficulties in attaining the organizational goals. In the organizational study, however, there is no general agreement on the meaning of stress and the methods of measuring it are differently used among the researchers. The purpose of this paper is to offer theoretical framework in stress in order to faciliate a greater understanding definition of stress, general adaptation syndrome(GAS), eustress and distress, stressors, moderators of stress, outcomes of stress, and build the theoretical model. The definition of stress is an adaptive response, mediated by individual differences and/or psychological processes, that is consequences of any external(environment) action, situation, or event that places excessive psychological and/or physical demands on person. The four types of stressors are individual-level stressors, group-level stressors, organizational stressors, extraorganizational stressors. The moderators of stress are social support, coping, hardiness, cognitive complexity, and control. The effects of stress are many and varied. Some, of course, are positive such as self-motivation, stimulation to work harder, and increased inspiration to live better life. However, many are disruptive and potentially dangerous. Shuler(1980) identified three categories of potential effects of stress: physiological response, psychological response, behavior response. Finally based on the major components of stress I develop the theoretical model of stress.

조직변화의 선행요인에 관한 연구

조정호,권순일 新羅大學校 1999 論文集 Vol.47 No.-

Organizations must be changed if they are to survive, although they oftin appear resistantly to change. And they are frequently transformed into forms remarkably different from the original. The purpose of this paper is studying the framework, the antecedents, and theoretical model of organizational change. The second part of this paper was devoted to concept of organizational change. The concept of organizational change are consisted of the definition and purpose, the typology, the resestance to change and coping strategy, nad the sources of organizational change. The sources of organizational change may be external, internal, or a combination of both. Whether caused by external or internal factors, organizational change invariably affects four independent factorsstructure, task, technology(tools) and people. The third part of thes paper was devoted to discuss the four antecedemts of organizational change-culture of organization, leadership, power(organizational politics) and informational technology. Also, four propositions of organizational change were discussed. Finally based on discussion above I develop the theoretical model of organizational change.

제주도 항만의 수질 특성 및 예측

조은일,박청길 제주대학교 해양연구소 1998 해양자원연구소연구보고 Vol.22 No.-

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of water quality from August, 1996 to May. 1997 and the water quality for future was estimated at the harbors of Cheju Island. Comparing the mean concentrations of each water quality with the criterion of water quality in ocean are as follows : 1) COD concentration was the highest at Cheju Harbor and was under Ⅲ class but it was under Ⅱ class at the other harbors. 2) T-N concentration was under Ⅲ class except for Songsan Harbor. 3) T-P concentration was under Ⅲ class at all harbors. The results of estimating water quality concentration for the future at Cheju Harbor and Sogwi Harbor are as follows : 1) for Cheju Harbor. 2.592mg/ℓ of COD. 0.246mg/ℓ of T-N and 0.021mg/ℓ of T-P 1996 was estimated to decrease to 2.572mg/ℓ, 0.244mg/ℓ and 0.020mg/ℓ in 2020. respectively. 2) for Sogwi Harbor, 1.4&mg/ℓ of COD, 0.223mg/ℓ of T-N and 0.023mg/ℓ of T-P in 1996 was estimated to decrease to 1.451mg/ℓ, 0.221mg/ℓ and 0.022mg/ℓ, in 2020, respectively. The estimated slow decrease rate in the concentration of all items was considered that the portion of stream loadings is very small comparing with the transport volume by oceans currents.