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Lee, Jeonghun,Kim, Hyunjung,Kim, Seahee,Lee, Hyemi,Kim, Jin,Kim, Namkug,Park, Heon Joo,Choi, Eun Kyoung,Lee, Jin Seong,Kim, Chulhee The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.22 No.28
<P>We report on the dual function of a silica–iron oxide hybrid nanoparticle combined with a stimulus responsive gatekeeper on the surface. Multifunctional hybrid nanoparticles (Fe@Si–DOX–CD–PEG) composed of an Fe<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> core, a mesoporous silica shell, and GSH-responsive CD gatekeepers are an excellent platform for anticancer drug delivery and MR imaging. In particular, the CD gatekeepers on the surface of the hybrid nanoparticle play a key role in accommodating anticancer drug molecules in the pore of the silica shell without premature release until CD gatekeepers are cleaved by GSH. We confirmed, from an <I>in vitro</I> study with the A549 cell line, that DOX was released from the internalized carriers due to GSH-mediated cleavage of the CD gatekeeper. Consequently, apoptotic and clonogenic death occurred in the cells treated with Fe@Si–DOX–CD–PEG. The accumulation of Fe@Si–DOX–CD–PEG in the tumors was detected by <I>in vivo</I> MR imaging. The growth of the tumor <I>in vivo</I> was effectively suppressed by the intravenously injected Fe@Si–DOX–CD–PEG. In addition, the results of the <I>in vivo</I> MR imaging reflected the <I>in vivo</I> inhibition of the cancer growth by Fe@Si–DOX–CD–PEG.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Multimodal hybrid nanoparticles composed of a Fe<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> core, a mesoporous silica shell, and GSH-responsive CD gatekeepers are an excellent theranostic platform for MR imaging and anticancer drug delivery not only <I>in vitro</I> but also <I>in vivo</I>. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c2jm32137h'> </P>
Lee, Shunhwa,Lee, Chulhee,Park, Yungkyu 嶺南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1998 環境硏究 Vol.18 No.1
Abstract The purpose of this study is to improve the quality of surface water treatment. It will compare the data from conventional water treatment processes with that of advanced water treatment processes at the pilot plant. The DOC and UV254 removal efficiencies were observed to be 53% and 77% after water was passed through the ozone and BAC processes. And in the case of THM and AOX concentrations, they were 19.9% and 10.4% removal by the ozone oxidation process. Another 53.6% and 24.6% were removal when water was passed through the BAC filtration process. The THM and AOX concentrations at the final effluent were observed to be 9.98 μg/L and 32.41 μg/L respectively. The influence of MW of organic materials was also considered. 44.4% of DOC in the large MW range(over 10K) was removed by the ozone process. But the concentration of DOC in the lower MW ranges increased after ozone treatment. The BAC process, however, removed 40% more DOC at the low MW range than did the ozone process.
Chulhee Lee 서울대학교 경제연구소 2000 Seoul journal of economics Vol.13 No.1
The labor force participation of older males in the United States started to decline in the late nineteenth century, long before the development of major public welfare programs for the elderly. Some scholars have attributed this phenomenon to the expansion of the Union army pension programs. This note suggests that the veterans' pension is of secondary importance in explaining the trend toward declining labor market activity of older males. This result implies that the labor force participation of older males would have declined over the last century even without the rise of public welfare and social insurance programs.
Changing Industrial Structure and Economic Activity of Older Males in Korea: 1980-2000
Chulhee Lee 서울대학교 경제연구소 2004 Seoul journal of economics Vol.17 No.2
This article examines how long-term changes in the industrial structure in Korea affected the economic activity of older males. The structural shift in industry between 1980 and 2000 greatly lowered the average labor market survival rate, a measure of employment stability, for male workers aged 55 and older. In particular, the relative decline of the agricultural sector fully explains the observed impact of the sectoral shift on the employment of the elderly. The labor force participation rate of older men would have been much higher if the percentage of the labor force employed in agriculture had remained unchanged since 1980. It is estimated that the shrinkage of agriculture explains 84% of the actual decline in the labor force participation rate of men aged 55 to 69 between 1985 and 2000. These results suggest that changing industrial structure, especially the decline in agriculture, could produce a further decline in the labor market activity of older men in the near future. It also points out the limitations of the recent government labor-market policies to boost the employment of older workers, because it is highly difficult, and sometimes undesirable, to alter the course of long-term structural economic changes that diminish the economic activity of the elderly.
Lee, Jeonghun,Kim, Minji,Jin, Sun Jin,Lee, Hyemi,Kwon, Yong Ku,Park, Heon Joo,Kim, Chulhee The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY Vol.38 No.10
<P>We report preparation and intracellular release characteristics of the hollow mesoporous silica (HMS) nanoparticles composed of a hollow core, a mesoporous silica shell, and surface cyclodextrin (CD) gatekeepers connected with a glutathione (GSH)-responsive disulfide linker. The hollow core provided a large empty space with the capability of high drug loading. The CD gatekeepers kept the guest molecules in the hollow core and the nanochannel without releasing guests until an external stimulus was applied. Upon triggering by GSH, the disulfide bond on the surface of HMS was cleaved and the guest drug molecules were released. We also observed the effective intracellular release of DOX by HMS-SS-DOX-CD-PEG in the A549 cells which was found to express GSH at high levels. Furthermore, HMS-SS-DOX-CD-PEG increased cell death in a dose dependent manner.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>The hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles composed of a hollow core, a mesoporous silica shell, and GSH-responsive CD gatekeepers are an efficient platform for the intracellular release of anticancer agents with high drug loading capability. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c4nj01161a'> </P>
Lee, Jeonghun,Kim, Hyunmi,Han, Songyi,Hong, Eunjung,Lee, Keun-Hyeung,Kim, Chulhee American Chemical Society 2014 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.136 No.37
<P>The use of peptides as gatekeepers for payloads of mesoporous silica nanoparticles would allow triggering the release of guests by various biological stimuli. We investigated the effect of peptide conformation on their gatekeeping capability by employing two model peptides with a turn or a random structure. The conformation-dependent gatekeeping properties provided an opportunity to utilize the conformational conversion of peptides as a valuable motif for stimuli-responsive gatekeepers. Based on that investigation, we demonstrated that Fmoc-CGGC-SS-Si, which exhibited a zero-release property without any stimuli due to a turn-like conformation induced by the intramolecular disulfide bond, can be triggered to release guests by converting its conformation to a random structure, induced by reduction of the disulfide bond upon addition of glutathione. We further demonstrated that the conformational conversion of Fmoc-CGGC by Zn(II) ion can also be utilized as a triggering motif.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2014/jacsat.2014.136.issue-37/ja507767h/production/images/medium/ja-2014-07767h_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja507767h'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Lee, Keun Woo,Maeng, Jin-Soo,Choi, Jeong Yi,Lee, Yu Ran,Hwang, Chae Young,Park, Sung Sup,Park, Hyun Kyu,Chung, Bong Hyun,Lee, Seung-Goo,Kim, Yeon-Soo,Jeon, Hyesung,Eom, Soo Hyun,Kang, ChulHee,Kim, Do American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2012 The Journal of biological chemistry Vol.287 No.3