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Exposure assessment to paralytic shellfish toxins through the shellfish consumption in Korea
Shin, Choonshik,Jo, Hyejin,Kim, Sheen-Hee,Kang, Gil-Jin Elsevier 2018 Food Research International Vol.108 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by saxitoxin and its analogues. The paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are produced by marine dinoflagellates and can be accumulated in filter feeding shellfish, such as mussel, clam, oyster and ark shell. The worldwide regulatory limits for PSTs in shellfish are set at 80 μg STX eq./100 g meat and this is widely accepted as providing adequate public health protection. In this study, we have determined five individual PSTs (STX, GTX1, GTX2, GTX3 and GTX4) in shellfish using LC-MS/MS and assessed the human acute and chronic exposures to PSTs through shellfish consumption. Food consumption data was obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (). The acute exposure using a large portion size of 88 g/day (95th percentile for consumers only) with maximum toxin level of 198.7 μg/kg was 0.30 μg/kg bw. Even though we estimated the acute exposure with a conservative manner, it was below the ARfDs (0.5 or 0.7 μg STX eq./kg bw) proposed by the international organizations, representing 43–60% of the ARfDs. The chronic exposures using mean consumption data for whole population with mean concentration of PSTs were ranged from 0.002 to 0.026 μg STX eq./kg bw/day. For consumers only, the chronic exposures were in the range of 0.012–0.128 μg STX eq./kg bw/day.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Dietary exposures to five individual PSTs have been estimated through the shellfish consumption. </LI> <LI> The human acute and chronic exposures to PSTs were assessed using ARfDs. </LI> <LI> The acute exposure using a large portion size of 88 g/day was 0.30 STX eq. μg/kg bw. </LI> <LI> This value was below the ARfDs (0.5 or 0.7 STX eq. μg/kg bw) proposed by the international organizations. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Shin, Choonshik,Jang, Haerim,Jo, Hyejin,Kim, Hye-Jeong,Kim, Dong-Sul,Hong, Jin-Hwan Elsevier 2017 Food control Vol.77 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>An analytical method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the determination of 5 paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins (saxitoxin, gonyautoxin1-4) in shellfish and tunicate. The tested parameters included extraction solvent, clean-up method, mobile phase and mass spectrometric detection parameters including multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) conditions. The PSP toxins were extracted with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and cleaned up using C18 SPE cartridges. Chromatographic separation of the 5 PSP toxins was carried out on a TSK-gel Amide-80 column with gradient elution. The developed method was validated according to the requirements of SANCO 12571/2013. The average recoveries of the PSP toxins ranged from 82.7% to 110.7%, the intra-day precisions were in the range of 0.3–10.9%, the inter-day precisions were in the range of 0.8–10.0% and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 25–100 μg/kg, depending on the analytes and matrices. The validated method was successfully applied for the determination of 5 PSP toxins in real shellfish and tunicate samples, including mussel, oyster, ark shell, sea squirt and styela clava.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A LC-MS/MS method for the determination of 5 PSP toxins has been developed. </LI> <LI> The toxins were extracted with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and cleaned up using C18 SPE cartridges. </LI> <LI> The developed method was validated according to the requirements of SANCO 12571/2013. </LI> <LI> The validated method was successfully applied for the determination of 5 PSP toxins in real samples. </LI> </UL> </P>
Shin, Choonshik,Hwang, Jeong-Yun,Yoon, Jin-Hong,Kim, Sheen-Hee,Kang, Gil-Jin Elsevier 2018 FOOD CONTROL Vol.91 No.-
<P>An analytical method using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the determination of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) toxins (brevetoxins) in shellfish. The tested parameters included extraction solvent, clean-up method, mobile phase and mass spectrometric detection parameters including multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) conditions. The toxins were extracted with 80% methanol in water and cleaned up using Strata-X SPE cartridges. Chromatographic separation of brevetoxins (PbTx-1, PbTx-2 and PbTx-3) was carried out on a C18 column (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 2.6 mu m) with gradient elution. The developed method was validated according to the requirements of SANTE 11945/2015. The average recoveries of the brevetoxins ranged from 75.9% to 105.8%, the intra-day precisions were in the range of 0.4-8.6%, the inter-day precisions were in the range of 0.7-6.3% and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 25 mu g/kg for each toxin. The validated method was successfully applied to real shellfish samples, including mussel, oyster and blood cockle. Overall, the method has shown excellent sensitivity and reproducibility, and it could be used as a reference method for the monitoring of individual brevetoxins in shellfish samples. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>
신용운 ( Yong Woon Shin ),신춘식 ( Choonshik Shin ),이지은 ( Ji-eun Lee ),서수진 ( Sujin Seo ),권진욱 ( Jin-wook Kwon ),강길진 ( Gil-jin Kang ) 한국환경농학회 2019 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2019 No.-
Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are a class of brominated hydrocarbons with 209 possible compounds, referred to as PBB congeners. PBBs are lipophilic compounds with a low vapour pressure and low water solubility which decreases with increasing degree of bromination and chemically stable, persistent in the environment and bioaccumulative. Especially, hexabrominated bipheyls (HBBs) of PBBs are most widely used for plasticizers and flame retardants were designated as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by Stockholm Convention in 2009. As a part of the food safety management of POPs, six PBBs which are mainly concerned and prioritized to investigate, were monitored from domestically distributed fisheries and animal products in Korea. Gas liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry was used with selected ion monitoring and stable isotope dilution method (GC-HRMS-SIM) for qualification and quantitation. LODs and LOQs were set at the levels of 3 pg/g and 10 pg/g on the wet weight basis, respectively. Frequencies of occurrence of PBBs from the 154 foods; 77 fisheries and 77 animal products, were 6.7 % in fisheries, and 2.4 %, respectively in animal product with detection of different congeners below or at the levels of LOQs.
Isolation and Characterization of Streptomyces sp. KACC 91027 Against Plasmodiophora brassicae
KIM, SEUNGHYUN,SHIN, CHOONSHIK,MOON, SANGIK,YI, YONGSUB,CHOI, GYUNG JA,CHO, KWANG YUN,SONG, JAEKYEONG,LIM, YOONGHO 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2004 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.14 No.1
Club root caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is found in crucifers. Among the over hundreds of Streptomyces isolated from soil in Korea. One strain showed prominent activity against P. brassicae. The strain was identified based on 16S rDNA sequencing and the morphology by a method of scanning electron microscopy. An active compound in the fermented broth obtained from the strain was separated. Even though the complete assignments of the compound remain for future work, the results regarding the isolation and characterization of the strain with a certain activity against P. brassicae are shown in this paper.