Earnings Management and CEO Turnover in Korean Credit Unions

Sang-Choon Park(박상춘),Wan Suk Ko(고완석),Yong-Sik Hong(홍용식) 한국국제회계학회 2018 국제회계연구 Vol.0 No.79

본 연구는 신용협동조합(신협)이 대손충당금설정액의 재량적 조정에 의하여 이익조정을 행하고 있는가를 실증적으로 검증하였다. 본 연구는 신협의 특유한 측면을 살펴 검증하였다. 먼저, 신용협동조합의 설립기반인 조합원의 특별한 관계, 즉 공동유대(지역․단체․직장)와 관련하여, 본 연구는 공동유대 유형에 따라 이익조정이 달라지는지 살펴보았다. 다음, 신용협동조합의 최고경영진 및 그 임기 횟수는 매 4년마다 조합원 직접선거에 의해 결정되므로, 이러한 선거가 이익조정 유인에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 검증하였다. 본 연구의 연구방법으로 금융회사의 이익조정관련 선행연구에서 많이 쓰이는 개별발생액접근법을 이용하였는데, 경영자의 재량성이 큰 기말대손충당금설정액(대손상각비)을 종속변수로, 비재량적이익을 주요 설명변수로 두고, 대손충당금을 조정하여 이익조정하는지 여부를 검증하였다. 분석을 위한 표본은 2015년 말 정상 영업 중인 지역조합 및 단체조합을 대상으로 2006년부터 2015년까지 10년 동안 7,445개 신협-연도 자료를 이용하였다. 실증분석 결과, 신용협동조합의 경영자들은 재량성이 큰 대손상각비를 이용하여 이익조정을 행하고 있음이 발견되었는데, 이사장은 초임기간(4년) 중 다음 선거를 의식하여 연임 기간(4년)에 비해, 그리고 초임기간 중 마지막 연도는 초임 또는 연임기간의 다른 연도에 비해, 이익조정을 더 크게 하는 것으로 검증되었다. 그리고 지역조합이 단체조합보다 이익조정을 더 활발하게 행하는 것으로 나타났다. 위와 같은 신협 경영자의 이익조정의 증거를 바탕으로, 본 연구는 다음의 시사점을 제공하고 있다. 금융당국은 경영자의 이익조정 재량권을 축소하기 위해 자산건전성 분류기준 및 회수예상가액 산정기준을 보다 명확하고 객관화하여 개선하여야 한다. 아울러 조합의 규모나 공동유대 특성 등을 고려한 차등 감독도 시행할 필요가 있다. This study empirically tests whether and how CEOs of credit unions manage their reported earnings through management of allowance for bad debts (ABD) by examining distinct features of credit unions. With regard to the common ties of their members on which the unions are established, it tests whether credit unions’ earnings management differs by type of establishment ties. Then, because the CEOs of unions and their number of terms of office are determined by the direct election by their members, the study examines how earnings management is affected by the existence of the election. The study uses a specific accruals approach widely used in the literature on earnings management of financial companies. It uses bad debt expense (BDE), a major discretionary item, as the dependent variable and non-discretionary earnings as a primary explanatory variable to test the hypotheses. The sample comprises 7,445 Korean credit union firm-years spanning 2006 to 2015. The empirical results revealed that credit unions manage their reported earnings by using BDE, especially more in the first office term of their CEOs than in the consecutive term, and in the last year of the first term, and that earnings were more actively managed in regional unions than in association ones. This study provides policy implications. Financial supervisory authorities should improve the objectivity and clarity of asset soundness criteria, and provide better and objective estimation methods for expected loan recovery so as to minimize CEOs’ discretion in earnings management. They should also provide differential supervision for credit unions depending on their types of common ties and size.

Drosophila busckii의 韓國集團에서 있어서 同位酵素 多形現象

成耆昌,尙椿植,金彧,金大鎰 성균관대학교 기초과학연구소 1985 論文集 Vol.36 No.1

Genetic structure and variability were investigated in four Korean populations of Drosophila busckii. Eight allozyme loci were analysed by means of starch gel electrophoresis. The proportions of polymorphic loci and loci heterozygous per individual were estimated to be 0.25 and 0.051, respectively. The average genetic similarity between four populations was found to be S―=0.977. This value is similar to the other Drosophila populations reported. However, the gene variation of D. busckii in this study appeared to be the least variable among 28 Drosophila species reported. It is suggested that the low gene variation in D. busckii might be due to adaptation of this species to a narrow niche, but the possibility of occurrence of the random drift cannot be excluded.

E. SEGUIN의 白痴敎育思想 硏究

李相春 韓社大學特殊敎育硏究所 1981 特殊敎育硏究 Vol.9 No.-

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the background of ?? educational thought: his view of 'idiots', the nature and contents of his physiological education, the principle of the moral treatment, the modernized meaning of the educational thought of 'idiots', and other points. The results were revealed through analyzing and investigating ?? education of 'idiots' by means of using books and other materials. First, ?? educational thought were chiefly shaped during the changing period of the Industrial Revolution, when the movement for the emancipation of human beings was at its peak. It was based upon Rousseau, who was influenced by Locke's empirical philosophy, Pestalozzi's modern educational thoughts, Saint-Simon school's Trinity-body, intelligence, and morality, a pattern of sensory training found in ?? deaf education and upon Itard's education of the wild boy of Aveyron,modern psychiatrists such as Pinel and Esquirol, and Lecat and Rochoux's physiology. It is Saint-Simon's thought on social reform that have put all these elements into one and ?? thought on 'the Right to Universal Education' which seem to have been influenced by Saint-Simon and his followers. Secondly, ?? acknowledged that 'idiots' could be taught, and he defined and classified 'idiots' in order to meet a teaching plan. ?? thought that a principle of human development had been internalized in 'idiots', unlike the view of Pinel and Esquirol who thought 'idiots' could not be taught. He defined 'idiots' by using primarily such things as the impairments of the nervous system and accordingly separation from the moral world.He classified 'idiots'according to their symptoms and then made teaching plans. ?? regarded the human personality as a harmonized person unified organization of activity, intelligence and will looked upon as an 'idiot'as one was lacking in the necessary integration of these three elements. His education of 'idiots'is dependent upon this view of 'idiots'. Thirdly, ?? education of 'idiots' is an educatonal system which is composed of physiological methods and moral education developed to discipline the students' morality. ?? physiological method of education is based upon an over-all, harmonized development of sensory training. Educational processes were divided into five stages according to man's developmental stages. In these processes it was emphasized that the relationships among human beings and groups are important.Also he gave his opinion on individualization and actualization.?? presented a physiological method as a way of educating 'idiots'.And the theory of this method is based upon the following principles: (1) The principle that 'idiots' can be educated.This principle is based upon the Rousseau's naturalistic education and Saint-Simon's trinity.According to this principle, ?? made it his basic principle that educational activity precedes the education of intelligence and the latter precedes the education of the will. (2) The principle that semsory education becomes a basic process of intellectual education, ?? education of the deaf, and Itard's education of the wild boy. The teaching contents of this physiological method ard classifide roughly into move-ment education, sensory education, intellectual education, and moral education. The contents are adapted to the education order according to developmental stages: the educational activity includes movement education and sensory education, as its most important task. The basic teaching processes ard classified as follows: the first stage invoves muscular movement; the second, the training of sensory organs of the nerbous system; the third, the development of basic concepts; the fourth, the dis-cipline of abstract thinking; the fifth, morality training. Fourth, ?? moral education is applied to 'idiots' under link with the physiolo-gical method, the main purpose of which is to foster its sociality. The principle came from a method of therapy used in modern psychiatry and respect for man's rights and dignity. The method is based upon affection, the teacher and the materials. It was this method and principle that may have allowed 'idiots' to have spontaneity. These serial processes ard divided into four categories which are immediate command, mediate command, passive command, and spontaneity. Especially, it was a method of individualized education. Object-lessons were emphasized in this system of education. Social contact relationships such as eating, playing, working, and so forth are also used effectively as teaching scenes. ?? thought of the moral human as self images which can be contrasted with a society based upon morality. The morality among 'idiots' was planned under the basic purpose of eventual resocialization and human moral education. The self image which is a basic requirement in the whole man is dependent upon activity, intelligence and the will. Saint-simon's Man's Right to Education, which discusses human moral improvement as the basic dieal, because the basic thought behind ?? theory on the education of 'idiots' were systematized in a physiological method of education. Fifth, a lot of experts greatly appreciated the performance of this educational method and his method greatly influenced special education and normal education. His achievements are also had an effect on modern special education. The scientific approach achieved by ?? and his view of education based upon humanism, were highly apperciated by his contemporary psychiatrists such as Esquirol, Guersant, Voisin, the Committee of Investigation of ?? achevements in Paris, the French Royal Academy of Science, and so forth. Since then, his achievements were highly acclaimed by such progressive scholars as Montessori, Decroly, Heller, and Bourneville. His thought have been developed more and more. ?? influenced the early movement to found schools for the mentally retarded in the United States. Howe, wilber and some others also played important roles. After that Montessori's method of early childhood education, Decroly's method of social education, Heller's and Bourneville's therapy education were also influenced by ?? His method had a great effect on modern education, especially on special education. The progressive view on 'idiots' as seen in ?? work, the ideal image of the educator which combines ?? humane and scientific spirit with actual practice, the hope of raising the social status of 'idiots' through education, the idea of guaranteeing education to 'idiots' the emphasis of vocational education and socialization, the method of education which emphasizes real experiences, individualization and so on, gives a lot of suggestions to modern special education.

비최소 위상 시스템에 대한 적응 선형 2차 가우시안 제어기

한만춘,고재원,지승도 연세대학교 대학원 1985 延世論叢 Vol.21 No.4

This paper deals with the design of an adaptive linear-quadratic Gaussian controller to achieve regulation and tracking for non-minimum phase systems represented by a discrete single input-output stochastic state equation including white noise with a Gaussian distribution function. The parallel adaptive structure proposed by Landau has been adopted and an identification algorithm is used to obtain an unbiased estimation of the parameters. Applicability of an adaptive linear-quadratic Gaussian controller and the influence of each of the constants needed in the adaptation algorithm have been investigated. It is shown that the adaptive linear-quadratic Gaussian controller can achieve the fast adaptive control, when the system has the reference signal with a short period and abruptly varing parameters. With respect to white noise, this paper can be considered an extents of adaptive linear-quadratic controller proposed by Samson.

숙녀복 머천다이징의 지역적 차별화를 위한 대도시 소비자 특성 고찰

황춘섭,성효인 慶熙大學校 1995 論文集 Vol.24 No.-

The present study was conducted to contribute to producing fashion products accommodating consumer needs, improving distribution structure and promotional activities, and planning adequate assortments and depth of what consumers are likely to demend. In order to obtain this purpose, characteristics of life styles, clothing evaluative criteria, and the purchase behaviors of consumers of three age groups(20's, 30;s, 40's) in six metropolitan cities were examined. And the study also investigated the differences in the purchase behavior of consumers between and among the cities caused by their regional characteristics. The specific research problems of the study was as follows: (1) to find out regional differences in the characteristics of the consumers' life styles. (2) to find out regional differences in the characteristics of the consumers' clothing evaluative criteria. (3) to investigate the regional differences in the purchase behaviors of consumers. The study was implemented by normative-descriptive survey method using questionnaire. On the basis of the literature analysis, the questionnaire covering items reflecting life style, clothing evaluaative criteria, consumer behavior, and demographics was developed. Respondants were 864 women of three-age groups in the six metropolitan cities. The survey was conducted during July 1st - July 28 '94. The data from the subjects was analyzed by factor analysis, reliability test(Cronbach Coefficient α), one-way analysis of variance. Duncan test, frequency and percentage. The major findings were as follows: (1) The consumers of each city showed significant regional characteristics in life-style dimensions and clothing evaluative criteria. (2) There was significant relations between life-style dimensions and clothing evaluative criteria of the consumers of each city. (3) There was an important discrimination, according to the regional characteristics of life styles and clothing evaluative criteria, in the purchase behaviors such as information search, store-choice, and purchase habit.

다발성말초신경병증의 두발 중 납과 수은 함량조사

박성파,박영춘 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1990 계명의대학술지 Vol.9 No.3

This study was carried out to investigate the correlation between lead and mercury contents and polyneuropathies(PN) as causing or concomitant causing factors. The subjects were divided into 3 experimental groups(total 60 cases, 35 males, 25 females), among whom were 32 etiologically undetermined PN(Group I, 18 males, 14 females), 21 diabetic PN(Group II, 10 males, 11 females) and 7 alcohlic PN(Group III, 7 males), and 38 healthy subjects(27 males, 11 females) as a control group. Occipital hair(about glm) were obtained from all experimental and control subjects to analyze lead and mercury contents(ppm) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, model IL. 551 connected with a CTF atomizer(IL. 655). The mean values of lead and mercury contents in hair were significantly more elevated in the etiologically undetermined PN group than in the control group(p<0.05, p<0.01), and there were significantly elevated mercury contents in the hair of the diadetic PN group(p<0.01) and lead contents in the hair of the alcoholic PN group(p<0.05). The mean values of lead and mercury contents had not significant correlation to motor nerve conduction velocity and there was no significant correlation of the mean values of lead or mercury contents between urban and rural residents. These results suggest that lead and mercury may be causative factors in the development of Group 1 PN, and lead and mercury may be concomitant causative factors in the development of II and Group III PN, respectively.

口腔領域에 發生한 囊腫에 關한 臨床 및 統計學的 硏究

李春根,金圭植,南日祐,申相澈 醫藥係社 1954 綜合 醫學 Vol.11 No.12

통일을 대비한 남북한 도서관 정책과 제도에 관한 연구

한상완,김태수,전현주,이승채 한국문헌정보학회 1996 한국문헌정보학회지 Vol.30 No.1

동서간의 냉전을 종식하고 탈 이데올로기 시대에 돌입한 세계정세는 체제와 이념을 극복하고 자국의 경제적 이익과 국민의 복지를 중심으로하여 자국 우위의 경제 중심으로 변해가고 있다. 이러한 세계 정세속에서 경쟁력을 확보하고 분단된 민족의 화합을 위하여 남북한이 통일되어야 할 것이다. 남북한이 통일되면 문명의 큰 흐름이 정보사회로 변전하는 이때에 정보를 효과적으로 수집, 가공, 축적, 제공하는 제도적 장치인 도서관 정책과 제도를 어떻게 운용할 것인가 하는 과제는 국가의 중대사이다. 그런 관점에서 이 연구는 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 통일을 대비하여 민족도서관을 건설하는데 있어서 1)정보사회형 정책과 제도 개념 2)민족문화중심의 정책과 제도개념을 도입하는 것이 필요하다. 둘째, 통일에 앞서 우선적으로 남북한 도서관간의 협력구도를 마련하는 것이 필요하다. 이러한 협력은 종합목록의 작성, 자료의 상호대차, 자료의 공동활용을 위한 표준화된 목록규칙의 작성, 학위논문의 교환 등과 같은 실질적 이익을 가져다 주는 부분에서부터 시작해서 점차 자원을 필요로 하는 영역으로 확산되어야 한다. 셋째, 통일을 대비한 도서관 정책과 제도를 개발하는 일은 지배 모델로서의 통합흡수형이 아닌 상호의존 모델로서의 병존협력의 개념위에서 수행되어야 한다. 넷째, 통일을 대비한 도서관 정책원리에는 1)자유경쟁의 논리 2)사회교육을 통한 의식의 개혁 3)자주의식과 인류애 4)과학적 내지는 합리적 사고 5)직업에 대한 소명의식 6)민주시민정신 7)공동체의식 8)공익정신 9)세계정신을 포함시킬 것이 요구된다. 다섯째, 통일을 대비한 도서관 제도모형은 남북한의 도서관이 1)도서관의 위상통일 2)도서관 정책 및 제도 전문연구기관의 설립 3)전문인력의 교류 4)정보자료의 교류 5)학술정보망의 구축 6)문헌정보학 교육체계의 확립과 수준향상 7)현대화 및 정보기술 개발과 이양 등을 내용으로 갖추고 그 구체적인 사안들을 공동개발할 필요가 있다. 끝으로, 남북한의 도서관은 그 개념, 운영목적, 자원의 내용 및 이용방법 등이 모두 상이하다고 할 수 있다. 도서관의 존재이유와 그 실용성의 측면들을 고려할 때, 남북한의 도서관은 통일이라고 하는 사회적 변화에 직면하여 그 충격이 최소한의 것이 되도록 상호 공조체제를 구성할 필요가 있다 The world has moved from the Cold War between the east and the west, and moved toward the age without idealogy. It places emphasis on economic benefit and welfare of its own nation as its main point. With this world trend, in order to secure the competitiveness and the reconciliation of the divided nation, the north and the south Korea should be united. Once the north and the south are united, information society will be altered with the huge flow of the civilization. At the same time, the issue of how to operate library policies and system, in which effective acquisition, manipulation, accumulation, and dissemination of information occurs, would be very important. From this point of view, the following conclusions are obtained in this study. Firstly, when building a national library preparing for the national unification, it is essential to introduce 1)the concept of policy and system for information society and 2)that of policy and system which has national-culture as its focus. Secondly, it is essential to prepare the cooperative-structure between libraries prior to the national unification. This kind of cooperation should gradually expand to an extent that allows actual benefits such as building union catalog, inter-library loan system, resource sharing, standardized cataloging rules, and exchange of dissertation... etc. Thirdly, developing the library policies and systems for the national unification must be based on the concept of the mutual cooperation as inter-dependent model, rather than on the concept of the incorporation-absorption as a dominant model. The next point, the principles of the followings in preparing the library policies should be considered: 1)free-competition, 2)revolution of consciousness through the social education, 3)independence and love for humanity, 4)scientific or reasonable thinking, 5)job responsibility, 6)democratic citizenship, 7)mind for collective life, 8)spirit of public interest, 9)globalization In addition, the model of the library systems preparing for the national unification should include the followings: 1)uniformity of library system and its authority, 2)establishment of research institutes for library policy and system, 3)exchange of library experts and information resources, 4)building library networks, 5)establishment of education systems for the library and information science and enhancement of its quality, 6)modernizing and developing information technology and its transfer. Finally, the libraries in the north and the south has different concepts, goals, information resources, and the different ways of using them. Considering the practical aspects of the libraries and the reasons for their existence, they must structure the mutual cooperative system so as to minimize the shock when confronting the social changes, so-called the national unification

팔공산화강암과 주변 접촉변성암에 관한 암석학적 연구

이상원,이춘희,정증효 釜山大學校 師範大學 1996 교사교육연구 Vol.33 No.-

Palgongsan granite considered to be a rapid cooling shallow-level intrusion, exhibits textural and mineralogical changes from margin toward core. In petrochemistry it is characteristic of I-type granitoid representing calc-alkaline differentiation trend, which is discriminated active continental arc granitoid in tectonomagmatic environment. In Q-Ab-Or-An system norm compositions of the Palgongsan granite are plotted near low-temperature trough, and concentrated on the minimum melt curve (700℃). Palgongsan granite intruded and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks to hornfelses forming contact metamorphic aureoles (average 1.5 km width). Contact aureoles are divided into inner and outer zone, which are respectively biotite and chlorite zone, indicating albite-epidote hornfels facies. The mineral assemblages are chlorite-muscovite in chlorite zone and biotite-muscovite(-chlorite), epidote-chlorite, actinolite-chlorite and actinolite -epidote-chlorite in biotite zone. Metamorphic temperature is as low as to be estimated about 350℃ in chlorite zone and 400℃ or higher in biotite zone.

전계발광소자를 위한 강유전체 박막의 제작 및 특성

배승춘,김정환,김호운,박성근,김기완 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1997 센서技術學術大會論文集 Vol.8 No.1

PLT and PLZT feroelectric thin films were fabricated on ITO substrate by rf magnetron sputtering. Pressure was 30mTorr, rf power was 180W and substrate temperature was varied from room temperature to 500℃. In this case, PLT had the highest dielectric constant of 120 at 500 ℃, oppositly PLZT had the highest dielectric constant of 312 at room temperature. I-V characteristics of PLZT film were shown that leakage current of PLZT film deposited at room temperature was below 3μA at 100V.