예찬(倪瓚, 1301-1374): 신화와 진실

장진성 ( Chin Sung Chang ) 미술사와 시각문화학회 2016 미술사와 시각문화 Vol.17 No.-

원말사대가(元末四大家)의 한 사람인 예찬(倪瓚, 1301-1374)은 중국 문인화의 대표적인 인물로 인식되어 왔다. 전경에 높이 솟은 나무들, 텅 빈 정자, 적막감이흐르는 강 등을 특징으로 하는 그의 그림들은 원나라 말기의 혼란기에 살았던 재야 지식인의 내면 풍경을 극명하게 보여 주는 그림으로 평가되었다. 특히 이른바 ‘원대 회화 혁명(the Yuan revolution in painting)’, 즉 문인화(文人畵)의 성장이라는 측면에서 예찬은 원말사대가 중에서 가장 중요한 위치를 차지하는 화가로 여겨졌다. ‘자아 표현(self-expression)’이 핵심인 문인화의 본질을 대변했던 인물이 예찬이다. 예찬의 그림에 보이는 절대적 적막감과 간결하고 정제된 화면 구성은 그의 내면세계를 표현해 주는 시각적 특징으로 해석되어 왔다. 따라서 예찬의 그림은 늘 그의 인생을 보여 주는 ‘자전(自傳)적 회화’로 인식되었다. 그러나 현재남아 있는 그의 작품들을 분석해 보면 과연 그의 그림들을 자전적이라고 할 수 있을까 하는 의문을 가지게 된다. 이 작품들은 모두 예찬 본인을 위해 그려진 것이아니다. 이 그림들은 모두 다른 사람들을 위해 그린 작품들이다. 현전하는 예찬의 그림 속에서 그의 ‘목소리’를 발견하기는 어렵다. 하문언(夏文彦, 14세기 중·후반에 활동)에 따르면 예찬은 만년에 그의 그림을 원하는 사람들의 요구에 응하여 소략한 그림들을 다수 그려 주었다고 한다. 특히 이와 같이 대충 그려준 ‘응수화(應酬畵)’는 마치 예찬이 아닌 다른 사람이 그린것으로 여겨질 만큼 성의가 없었다고 한다. 예찬은 고고(孤高)한 성격으로 세상과 등을 지고 산 인물이 아니었다. 그는 많은 사람들의 그림 요구에 응하여 다수의 그림을 그렸다. 따라서 그가 그린 그림들은 거의 대부분 응수화였다. 응수화는 ‘자아 표현’과 상관없는 그림들이었다. 즉 예찬의 그림에는 본인 자신에 관한 것이 나타나 있지 않다. 따라서 예찬의 그림은 결코 자전(自傳)적인 그림이 아니다. 후대에 예찬이 ‘고결(高潔)’한 인물로 추앙받게 된 것은 매우 주목할 만하다. 그의 결벽증조차 탈속(脫俗)적인 특징으로 이해되었다. 아울러 17세기 후반-18세기 전반에 예찬 화풍으로 그려진 그림이 상인층에게 큰 인기를 끌었으며 ‘아속(雅俗)’을 구별하는 기준이 된 것은 흥미롭다. 예찬 그림의 대부분은 그의 자아를 보여 주는 그림이 아니라 그림 요청에 따라 그린 응수화라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 후대에 예찬 그림은 ‘일품(逸品)’으로 인식되었으며 이러한 후대의 인식은 현재까지도 지속되고 있다. Ni Zan (1301-1374), one of the “Four Great Masters” of late Yuan painting, is considered a prototypical literati painter famous for his reputed “pure loftiness” of spirit and detachment from worldly concerns. His minimalist, drybrush style, featuring angular rocks and sparsely foliaged trees, is iconic in the history of Chinese painting, which impacted later painters. Ni established a composition of tall trees, rocks, and an empty pavilion by the shore, set against an expansive, level-distance vista, a composition that is closely related to his psychological selfhood during the turbulent years of the late Yuan period characteristic of peasant revolts and dynastic change. He painted virtually the same compositions throughout his entire life and saw them as symbolic of himself and his world. The dramatic change in his life from a wealthy landowner to a lone wanderer living in a houseboat played a central role in making him a noble recluse expressing his self in paintings. Ni Zan became something of a legend in later times embodying the essence of literati painting. Ni’s “empty pavilion” imagery became the enduring model for later painters who found in his simplicity of style and independence of spirit a source of inspiration. He was not one of the “Four Great Masters” until the late Ming period when eminent cultural luminaries such as Dong Qichang (1555-1636) attempted to replace Zhao Mengfu (1254-1322) with him. Late Ming literati made concerted efforts to establish Ni Zan as a cultural hero representing the ideals of elegance, loftiness, and detachment. Popular imagination further helped the veneration of Ni Zan as a noble recluse. Popular stories about Ni such as his obsession with cleanliness gained wide currency and came to be frequently retold in the late Ming and Qing periods. Recent studies, however, have offered different accounts of Ni Zan, the most politically disengaged and eccentric of late Yuan painters. He has been considered a lofty recluse in self-imposed isolation pursuing the aesthetics of remoteness, solitude, tranquility, and refinement in paintings. Ni Zan was, in fact, not detached from worldly concerns. He socialized actively with government officials and local magistrates and created poems and paintings for them. Ni was never isolated. Ni was under constant pressure to complete commissioned paintings. He was busy responding to clients’ and patrons’ requests. This image of Ni Zan is completely different from what we have of him. Recent revisionist readings of Ni’s character and relationship to the conditions of his age have offered an insight into the ways in which his reputed “pure loftiness” has been historically and culturally constructed. The invention of Ni Zan is inseparable from the long historical process in which our way of perceiving and interpreting the painter has been formulated. The contradictory accounts and competing interpretations of Ni Zan will lead us to look into how changes in interpretive practices, critical vocabularies, cultural demands, and the intervention of influential critics serve to create the image of the late Yuan painter as a cultural hero. Examination of each period’s changing perceptions of Ni will shed light on the ways in which the painter was transformed from an eccentric in early times into a noble recluse embodying a moral ideal in later periods.

치근면 활택술과 아르곤 레이저 사용에 따른 염증성 치은의 교원질 분해효소 검출 비교

이창곤,임성빈,정진형,Lee, Chang-Gon,Lim, Sung-Bin,Chung, Chin-Hyung 대한치주과학회 1999 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.29 No.3

The major cause of periodontal disease is microorganism in the dental plaque. Gingival sulcular fluid, which is exudate released from the tissue near crevicular epithelium is related with inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the argon laser efficiency between the clinical index and onset of collagenase of gingival sulcular fluid. Material divided 16 patients into 4 groups. The first control was without treatmemt. The second was with just treatment of argon laser, The third was treated by scaling and root planning and the fourth was treated with both scailing and root planning and argon laser. The level of periocheck test, the index of bleeding, and the depth of periodontal pocket were evaluated from for 128 teeth of 64 anterior teeth and 64 posterior teeth. The results were as follows ; 1. In the score of periocheck test, root planing group(group 3) was significantly reduced more than the group without treatment(group 1) and the argon laser treatment(group 2) for results of 3 days and 7 days. But root planing plus argon laser treatment(group 4) in the 7days after experiment, was significantly reduced than no treatment(group 1) and root planing treatment(group 3)(P<0.05), in the 3 days after experiment, was significantly reduced than root planing(group3)(P<0.05). The score of periocheck test to the root planning group(group 3) were significantly reduced between days1, day3 and day7(P<0.05). Root planning plus argon laser group(group 4) were significantly reduced to 1 or 7days and 3 or 7days(P<0.05). The argon laser group(group 2) didn't show any changes. 2. In the case of sulcus bleeding index, the root planning group(group 3) and root planning plus argon laser group(group 4) were reduced more than without treatment group(group 1)(P<0.05) and sulcus bleeding index in the root planning group(group 3) were reduced more than the argon laser group(group 2)(P<0.05). 3. There wasn't any changes of pocket depth between the control and the experiment group as with experiment periods also.

Case Report : A Case of Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Developed on Previous Lesion from Microscopic Polyangiitis

김성권 ( Suhng Gwon Kim ),박재윤 ( Jae Yoon Park ),이성우 ( Seong Woo Lee ),안신영 ( Shin Young Ahn ),정종철 ( Jong Cheol Jeong ),( Sung Hae Chang ),이태원 ( Tae Woo Lee ),오국환 ( Kook Hwan Oh ),진호준 ( Ho Jun Chin ),주권욱 ( 대한신장학회 2010 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.29 No.6

Purpose: This report examines a patient with pulmonary adenocarcinoma that developed on a previous lesion from microscopic polyangiitis. A 59-year-old woman had been diagnosed with microscopic polyangiitis in October of 1988 based on her clinical symptoms and serological tests, which were positive for anti- neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Her glomerulonephritis had been well controlled with low-dose prednisolone. She presented in October of 2005 with vague chest discomfort and dyspnea on exertion. Physical examination was unremarkable. A non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest showed patch ground-glass opacity at the right lower lobe of the lung. Because we did not believe the lesion to be a definite malignancy, we decided to follow up with chest images over a short interval. During the 18 months following the images, the lesion did not change. However, the opacity of the lesion increased slightly over the last two months, and a non-contrast CT scan of the chest was therefore performed. A CT scan showed persistent ground-glass opacity with a slightly solid portion. To diagnose the previous finding and possibly to provide treatment, a right lower lobectomy of the lung via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed. The pathologic review of the resected lung revealed an adenocarcinoma, stage pT1N0. After one year, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography was performed, and no evidence of a recurrent malignancy was found.

코로나19 확산에 따른 가족생활 및 가족관계의 변화와 스트레스

진미정 ( Meejung Chin ),성미애 ( Miai Sung ),손서희 ( Seohee Son ),유재언 ( Jaeeon Yoo ),이재림 ( Jaerim Lee ),장영은 ( Young Eun Chang ) 대한가정학회 2020 Human Ecology Research(HER) Vol.58 No.3

This study explores how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed family life and relationships as well as how these changes affect perceived stress among married men and women. This study investigated changes in family time use, household work, child care, leisure activities, income and expenditures along with relationships between spouses and children using a sample of 627 married persons surveyed online from May 19 to 25, 2020. The results showed that the amount of time spent on household work, child care, and family leisure have increased and that the perceived burden of household work and child care has also increased. Gender differences were found in time use, household work, and child care. Leisure activities have changed toward more time watching TV or online media and playing online games and less time on outdoor activities, shopping, and meeting friends. About 38% of respondents reported a reduction in household income and 22% reported an increase in household debt. The majority experienced no change in the quality of relationships with spouses and children, approximately 20% of the sample reported a positive change in relationships with spouses and children. The findings of multivariate regression indicated that change in work time, negative change in household economy, negative change in household work and negative change in relationships with spouses were associated with marital stress. However, this study found that negative changes in child care and in relationships with children did not affect stress among married parents with children in elementary or secondary school.

Molecular Characterization of the Region Encoding Integrative Functions from Enterococcal Bacteriophage ΦFC1

Sung, Ha Chin,Chang, Hyo Ihl,Kim, Min Jung,Kim, Young Woo,Lee, Jin Young 생화학분자생물학회 1981 BMB Reports Vol.29 No.5

Bacteriophage ΦFCl is a temperate phage which was identified as a prophage in the Enterococcus faecalis KBL703 chromosome. Phage ΦFCl integrates into the host chromosome by site-specific recombination. The phage attachment site P (attP) was localized within the 0.65-kb XhoI-HindIII fragment and the nucleotide sequence of the region was determined. An open reading frame (mj1) which adjoined the phage attachment site encoded a deduced protein related to the site-specific recombinase family. The organization of this region was comparable to other site-specific recombination systems. The molecular weight of the expressed MJ1 in E. coli was in good agreement with the predicted 53,537 Da of the mj1 gene product. Elucidation of the phage-specific integration process in this study would provide useful genetic tools such as a chromosomal integration system.

Poster Session 1 : Carbohydrate chemistry and metabolism Cell biology: Transport, growth and differentiation ; Polychlorinated biphenyls induce apoptosis via a caspase-3 death protease-dependent mechanism

( Sang Han Lee ),( Eun Soo Youk ),( Se Hyung Park ),( Young Jin Jeon ),( Chang Woo Lee ),( Ki Hoon Lee ),( Sang Bae Han ),( Hyoung Chin Kim ),( Hwan Mook Kim ) 한국생화학분자생물학회 (구 한국생화학회) 2000 추계학술대회집 Vol.2000 No.-

Imiquimod 5% cream versus 10% potassium hydroxide solution in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum

Sang Hee Seo,Hyun Woo Chin,Su Han Kim,Do Sang Jung,Hyun Chang Ko,Moon Bum Kim,Kyung Sool Kwon 대한피부과학회 2009 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.61 No.2

Mating system and conservation genetics of Kirengeshoma palmata Yatabe in Korea

Chang, Chin-Sung 서울대학교 농업개발연구소 2001 농업생명과학연구 Vol.5 No.-

The mating system, patterns of allozyme variation of Kiregeshoma palmata were investigated to better understand its population biology and to comment on reserve designs and management proposals relevqant to this species. This species, which holds relatively high genetic variation at the 11 allozyme loci surveyedm is geographically restricted with five occurrences in Mt. Baegun, southern part of Korea. Measures of genetic variation in Baegun, southern part of Korea. Measures of genetic variation in this species [e.g., alleles per locus (A)=1.47, proportion of polymorphic loci (P)=0.37, and expected heterozygosity (He)=0.100] were higher than values reported for species with similar ecological and life history traits. Mating system studies on one site showed consistently high levels of the outcrossing rate. The mean germination rate of seeds was 11% and not all seedling (56%) survived up to six months. Results suggested that low germination and survival rate are responsible for current patterns of poor regeneration of this species. Basal rhizome is the primary means of means of reproduction and several plants frequently include groups of visibly connected individuals in a clustered distribution that suggests cloning. It was found that no significant substructure among plots within sites, and fixation indices within sites were generally small, suggesting that either little inbreeding occurs or few inbred progenies survive. The dcurrent population genetic structure in four sites probably the result of local extinction of intervening populations or a reflection of its recent origin from the close sites. Two sites on the ridge of this mountain should be given conservation priority on genetic grounds.

A case of pachydermodactyly(초)

( Sang Hee Seo ),( Hyun Woo Chin ),( Hyun Chang Ko ),( Byung Soo Kim ),( Moon Bum Kim ),( Kyung Sool Kwon ) 대한피부과학회 2010 초록집 Vol.48 No.10

코로나19에 따른 1인 가구의 일상생활 변화 및 스트레스: 사회적 지원과 가족탄력성을 중심으로

성미애 ( Sung Miai ),진미정 ( Chin Meejung ),장영은 ( Chang Young Eun ),손서희 ( Son Seohee ) 한국가족관계학회 2020 한국가족관계학회지 Vol.25 No.3

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore how single-person households experienced changes in their daily life and perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Using a sample of 159 single-person households surveyed during May 19∼25 2020, this study investigated changes in daily life such as working hours, economic strain, leisure time spent alone, and frequency of meeting with friends and examined the relationships between the changes in daily life and perceived stress with a focus on social support and family resilience. Results: The results showed that 23 percent of the sample reported a reduction in working hours and 40.9 percent reported that their economic situation was exacerbated by COVID-19. In addition, 75.5 percent of single-person households have had less contact with their friends and 27 percent reported an increase in leisure time alone due to the practice of social distancing. The findings of hierarchical regression analysis indicated that social support and family resilience were negatively associated with perceived stress of single- person households, while changes in daily life and economic strain was not associated with their stress. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of social support and family relationships for the well-being of single-person households during the COVID-19 pandemic.