Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and Pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines in Water and their S_NAr Cyclizations

Chanu, Langpoklakpam Gellina,Singh, Thokchom Prasanta,Jang, Yong Ju,Yoon, Yong-Jin,Singh, Okram Mukherjee,Lee, Sang-Gyeong Korean Chemical Society 2014 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.35 No.4

Synthesis of tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a] pyrimidines by a one-pot and three component reaction of ${\alpha}$-oxoketenedithioacetals, diamines and DMAD in water has been described. Different routes for accessing the desired compounds were examined and a few specially designed-substrates have been utilized further to afford the new imidazo and pyrido fused [1,8] naphthyridine tetracyclic compound by $S_NAr$ intramolecular cyclization.

Regioselective Synthesis of Heterocyclic Ketene N,N-, N,O- and N,S-acetals in Aqueous Medium

Chanu, Langpoklakpam Gellina,Singh, Okram Mukherjee,Jang, Sang-Hun,Lee, Sang-Gyeong Korean Chemical Society 2010 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.31 No.4

The reactions of ketene dithioacetals with ethane-1,2-diamine, propane-1,3-diamine, 2-aminoethanol, 3-aminopropanol, and 2-aminoethanethiol in ordinary water in the absence of any acid/base catalyst afforded the heterocyclic ketene N,N-, N,O- and N,S-acetals in good yields.

한성기(漢城期) 백제의 장군호(將軍號) 활용 배경과 정치적 의미

박찬우 ( Chanu Park ) 공주대학교 백제문화연구소 2015 백제문화 Vol.1 No.52

한성기 말 백제왕은 신하들에게 장군호를 假授하고 이를 劉宋에 알려 정식으로 승인받았다. 이러한 假授 및 除正 요청은 백제왕이 책봉을 통해 장군호를 지니고 있었기에 가능했다. 이것은 중국에서 장군호를 수여받은 인물들이 開府하여 府官을 두고 그들을 장군으로 加官하거나 郡縣 장관직에 보임시킨 것과 흡사하다. 물론 백제에서 軍府가 실제로 설치된 것은 아니었다. 다만 백제왕은 ‘장군’이라는 대내외적으로 공인된 지위를 능동적으로 활용하였을 뿐이다. 이 같은 假授·除正을 통한 장군호 활용은 당시 중국 주변국 중에서 백제와 倭에서만 확인되며, 백제의 장군호 활용이 倭에 영향을 미쳤다고 생각된다. 백제는 중국 왕조의 책봉을 계기로 장군호를 활용했지만 그것은 백제가 중국 왕조의 제후국이기 때문은 아니었다. 백제에는 이미 고유의 관제가 있었기 때문에 北魏의 ‘承制假授’權 부여 사례와 같이 책봉을 계기로 중국의 관직을 설치한 것은 아니었다. 백제왕은 자신의 ‘장군’ 책봉을 계기로 내부적 필요에 의해 장군호를 활용했다. 백제에서 장군호는 한성기 말에 활용되기 시작했다고 판단된다. 왕권이 약화되었거나 혹은 정국이 불안정했던 시점에 국왕의 위상을 높이고 그 지지세력의 입지를 강화하기 위한 이유 등 주로 왕권강화와 관련하여 장군호가 활용되었다. 백제에서 중국의 장군호를 정치적으로 활용한 것은 백제사회 전반에 중국제 물품 및 중국 관작에 대한 우호적 인식이 있었던 점과 관련되며, 또한 중국 관작이 정치적으로 효용성이 있었기에 가능했다. King of Baekje temporarily appointed his courtier as general(將軍), which is chinese public office, and received formal approval from the Liu-Song(劉宋) after reporting of the appointment of his courtier to the Chinese dynasty during the last stage of Hanseong Period(漢城期). The temporary appointment of courtier(假授) and the formal approval(除正) by the Chinese dynasty was related to general-title(將軍號) of king of Baekje. King of Baekje got the title through the Tributary System with the chinese dynasty. The utilization of general-title in Baekje was very similar to the appointing general(將軍) and Taishou(太守) of subordinates(府官) by the lord(high ranking general) who``s the chief of general division(軍府). Of course, the general division did not exist in Baekje. Merely, king of Baekje utilized general-title in the capacity of his general-title that was recognized officially by the chinese dynasty. The utilization of general-title through the temporary appointment of courtier and the formal approval appears only in Baekje and ancient Japan(倭), and there is high probability of Baekje’s influence to ancinet Japan in utilizing general-title. Although the utilization of general-title in Baekje was possible thorough the Tributary System, it doesn’t mean that Baekje was royal class nation of Chinese dynasty. There was a unique public office system in Baekje. Because of that, there’s no need to accept chinese public office system through the Tributary System. King of Baekje utilized general-title only under the internal necessity. In Baekje, general-title was utilized from the last stage of Hanseong Period. General-title was mainly utilized in connection with strengthening of royal authority in a very difficult time that royal authority was weaken or political situation was unstable. In that hard times, general-title was utilized with the purpose of strengthening of royal authority status and of supporters group of the kingship. The political utilization of general-title in Baekje had a connection with the traditional sense of closeness about chinese goods and public office system in Baekje society at large, and it was possible under existence of the political usefulness of the chinese public office in Baekje society.

백제 동성왕대 대남제 외교전략

박찬우(Park, Chanu) 한국고대사학회 2017 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.85

이 글에서는 동성왕대 대내외 정세를 고려하면서, 당시 백제가 어떠한 방식으로 남제에 접근하였는가를 밝혀보고자 하였다. 특히 『남제서』 백제전에 실린 표문을 중심으로 외교전략의 문제에 주안점을 두었다. 표문을 살펴보면, 동성왕은 신하들에게 임의로 수여한 관작을 남제로부터 승인받고자 하였다. 그 요청 사유는 대중사행 및 獫狁을 물리친 공로였다. 獫狁의 실체에 대해서는 그간 북위 혹은 고구려로 보는 등 많은 논의가 있었다. 그렇지만 표문은 남제 황제가 읽을 것을 전제로 하여 작성된 것이며, 당시 남제는 북위를 獫狁에 비견하였다. 이를 감안하면 그 실체는 차치하더라도 표문에서 獫狁은 북위를 지칭한다고 여겨진다. 그러나 당시의 국제정세나 『위서』에 관련 사실이 전무하다는 점 등을 감안하면 표문에 기록된 북위의 침입이 사실이라고 보기는 어렵다. 다만 신하들이 세운 모종의 공로가 북위와의 전투에서 세운 전공처럼 분식되었다고 생각된다. 동성왕은 표문에서 신하들의 대중사행의 공로를 거론하였는데, 이는 백제가 남제의 충실한 번국임을 강조하는 것에 다름 아니다. 獫狁의 침입 격퇴에 관한 것도 남제의 번국으로서 군사적 임무를 수행하여 왔음을 상징적으로 드러낸 것이라 생각된다. 당시 백제는 북위에 대한 대항의식을 드러내면서 남제와 긴밀한 관계를 맺고자 했다. 이를 통해 남제로 하여금 백제를 중시하게 만들고, 소기의 목적을 달성하려 했을 것이다. 남제는 북위와의 관계에서 열세에 놓여 있었고, 남북조의 대립도 다년간 지속되었다. 백제는 이러한 국제정세를 이용하여 남제에 접근하는 외교전략을 구사했던 것이다. This paper focused on the diplomatic stratergy with the diplomatic documents of Paekche Annals of Nan Ch’i shu as the center, considering the domestic and foreign situation during King Tongsǒng’s period of reign(479-501). As the diplomatic documents have shown, Tongsǒng desired Southern Ch’i to recognize the temporary chinese titles of his loyal retainers, which was granted by Tongsǒng. The reason for request was brilliant exploits by Tongsǒng’s envoys to Southern Ch’i and generals who win a war against Xiǎn Yǔn(獫狁). There were many opinions about Xiǎn Yǔn, and some research regarded Xiǎn Yǔn as Koguryǒ or Northern Wei. But it’s most likely Northern Wei in the diplomatic documents putting aside arguments about the true nature of Xiǎn Yǔn, because the diplomatic documents was written for the emperor of Southern Ch’i and Xiǎn Yǔn was an opprobrious word about Northern Wei in Southern Ch’i. However, as a matter of fact, it’s not quite sure about the Northern Wei invasion of Paekche in the late 5th century, because there is no mention about it on Wei shu, Northern Wei’s history book, and it’s difficult to find the main cause of the invasion judging from the circumstances at that time. It’s also doubtful about the lacks of specific war situation and dates on the diplomatic documents. To sum up, regarding the Northern Wei invasion of Paekche on Nan Ch’i shu as a fact can be doubtful, instead of that, it seems that some of the merits made by Tongsǒng’s retainers has been fabricated as if they distinguish themselves in a battle against Northern Wei. Tongsǒng mentioned merits made by envoys to Southern Ch’i on diplomatic documents to emphasize Paekche as a loyal feodary of Southern Ch’i. It is also believed that Northern Wei(Xiǎn Yǔn) invasion of Paekche on diplomatic document was a symbolic indication that Paekche engaged in military duty as a loyal feodary. Paekche attempted to establish a close relationship with Southern Ch’i by showing overt hostility to Northern Wei, which led to make Southern Ch’i value the relationship with Paekche and by doing so Paekche can accomplish the intended goals, because Southern Ch’i is weaker compared to Northern Wei in Chinese continent at that time. Considering the international situation, Paekche used a diplomatic strategy to gain access to Southern Ch’i.

백제 외교문서의 종류와 형식 -5세기 남북조와의 관계를 중심으로-

박찬우(Park, Chanu) 고려사학회 2022 한국사학보 Vol.- No.89

이 글에서는 5세기 백제와 남북조의 관계를 중심으로 백제 외교문서의 종류와 형식을 검토했다. 백제왕 책봉에 있어 발급된 임명문서로는 冊封詔書와 冊書, 誡勅의 3종이 있다. 이 중 책봉조서는 그 자체가 아니라 尙書省의 符에 첨부되어 백제에 전달되었다. 한편 백제와 남북조가 평상시에 주고받은 왕래문서로는 慰勞詔書와 表文이 대표적이며, 중국왕조의 물품 사여에 있어서는 勅이 발급되기도 했다. 이상의 외교문서는 명분상 君臣關係와 관련된다. 백제가 남북조와 군신관계와 관련된 문서를 주고받은 배경으로 당시 국제관계에서 통용된 일반적인 문서가 조칙과 표문이었다는 점을 들 수 있다. 또한 백제가 일찍부터 중국 세력과 접촉한 결과 형성된 중국계 관인이나 한자·유교문화도 내적인 배경으로 거론할 수 있다. In this paper, the diplomatic document itself was examined, which is a premise for investigating the diplomatic relations between Baekje and Northern and Southern Dynasties using diplomatic documents. As a result of the examination, it was confirmed that the diplomatic documents such as biǎowén and zhàoshū(詔書) that Baekje exchanged with Northern and Southern Dynasties are related to the relationship between the king and the vassals(君臣關係). However, this does not mean that Baekje and Northern and Southern Dynasties actually formed a political hierarchy, but that Baekje intentionally took a low stance toward Northern and Southern Dynasties in order to achieve its intended purpose. Therefore, it seems that the historical background of Baekjes low attitude toward Northern and Southern Dynasties and the actual intention of Baekje should be noted.

Life cycle and morphology of Anisops sardeus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1849 (Heteroptera: Notonectidae)

Chongtham Memtombi Chanu,Susmita Gupta,Abhik Gupta 한국응용곤충학회 2020 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.23 No.1

The life cycle of Anisops sardeus was studied by rearing individuals from egg to adult stage in laboratory conditions at a water temperature of 23.2 ± 1.4 °C during the wet season (May-June) and 19 ± 1.8 °C during the dry season (December-February). The incubation period averaged 8 ± 0.8 and 11.5 ± 1.7 days during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Duration of the five instars averaged 3.4 ± 0.5, 4.4 ± 0.5, 4.8 ± 0.8, 5 ± 0.7, and 6.9 ± 0.7 days, respectively during the wet season, and 4.9 ± 0.7, 6.5 ± 1.1, 7.5 ± 1.1, 8.1 ± 0.7, and 9.4 ± 1.1 days, respectively during the dry season. Total developmental time averaged 32.5 ± 2 and 47.9 ± 2.8 days in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The average period of incubation and developmental time of the five instars were shorter in the wet season as compared to those in the dry season. But individuals were larger in the dry season. The variations in morphometric ratios of different characteristic features of laboratory reared specimens among different developmental stages in both the wet and dry seasons, and field collected specimens in the wet season were highly significant as revealed by one-way MANOVA (F = 95.45, p < 0.001; F = 124.38, p < 0.001; F = 5022.85, p < 0.001, respectively). Five instars are described in detail with emphasis on 29 morphometric ratios. This study discerned six morphometric ratios such as length of wing pad/ width of wing pad (WL/WW), length of wing pad/body length (WL/BL), length of head/length of body (HL/BL), length of meso femur/length of meso tibia (FE2L/TI2L), synthlipsis/width of head (S/HW), and vertex/ synthlipsis (V/S) which can be used for discriminating instars I-V.

Regioselective Synthesis of Heterocyclic Ketene N,N -, N,O - and N,S -acetals in Aqueous Medium

Langpoklakpam Gellina Chanu,Okram Mukherjee Singh,Sang Hun Jang,이상경 대한화학회 2010 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.31 No.4

The reactions of ketene dithioacetals with ethane-1,2-diamine, propane-1,3-diamine, 2-aminoethanol, 3-aminopropanol,and 2-aminoethanethiol in ordinary water in the absence of any acid/base catalyst afforded the heterocyclic ketene N,N-, N,O- and N,S-acetals in good yields.

Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and Pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines in Water and their SNAr Cyclizations

Langpoklakpam Gellina Chanu,Thokchom Prasanta Singh,Yong Ju Jang,윤용진,Okram Mukherjee Singh,이상경 대한화학회 2014 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.35 No.4

Synthesis of tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a] pyrimidines by a one-pot and three component reaction of α-oxoketenedithioacetals, diamines and DMAD in water has been described. Different routes for accessing the desired compounds were examined and a few specially designed-substrates have been utilized further to afford the new imidazo and pyrido fused [1,8] naphthyridine tetracyclic compound by SNAr intramolecular cyclization.

Diallyl Trisulfide Ameliorates Arsenic Induced Dyslipidemia in Rats

Selvaraj Miltonprabu,Naorem Chanu Sumedha 한국식품과학회 2015 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.24 No.2

The efficacy of diallyl trisulfide (DATS) against arsenic (As) induced dyslipidemia in the plasma and livers of rats was studied. Oral administration of As [5 mg/kg of body weight (BW)/day] for 4 weeks showed significant (p<0.05) increases in TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, FFA, PL, and TG levels and the activity of HMG-CoA reductase in the plasma and liver, with significant (p<0.05) reductions in levels of HDL-C hepatic ubiquinones and activities of LCAT and LPL in the plasma and liver. Oral administration of DATS (80 mg/kg of BW) for 4 weeks in As intoxicated rats significantly (p<0.05) reduced plasma and liver TC, FFA, TGs, VLDL-C, and LDL-C levels, and the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, and significantly (p<0.05) increased the activities of LCAT and LPL and the levels of HDL-C and ubiquinone in the livers of rats. DATS protects against As-induced dyslipidemia in rats.

Schwannoma of the uterine cervix: a rare case report

Biswajit Dey,Sairem Mangolnganbi Chanu,Jaya Mishra,Evarisalin Marbaniang,Vandana Raphael 대한산부인과학회 2019 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.62 No.2

Schwannomas are neurogenic tumors, which are among the most varied tumors with respect to morphology, clinicalassociations, and presentations; they occur in a wide variety of sites. The uterine cervix is a rare site of occurrence andonly 15 cases of schwannomas of the uterine cervix, including 5 benign and 10 malignant cases, have been reportedto date. Thus, schwannomas of the uterine cervix may pose diagnostic difficulty. Here, we report a case of benignschwannoma of the uterine cervix in a 37-year-old female, who presented with vaginal spotting.