C₂H <i>N</i> = 1 − 0 and N₂H⁺<i>J</i> = 1 − 0 observations of <i>Planck</i> Galactic cold clumps

Liu, X.-C.,Wu, Y.,Zhang, C.,Liu, T.,Yuan, J.,Qin, S.-L.,Ju, B.-G.,Li, L.-X. EDP Sciences 2019 Astronomy and astrophysics Vol.622 No.-

<P>A survey of C2H <I>N</I> = 1 − 0 and N2H<SUP>+</SUP><I>J</I> = 1 − 0 toward <I>Planck</I> Galactic cold clumps (PGCCs) was performed using the Purple Mountain Observatory’s 13.7 m telescope. C2H and N2H<SUP>+</SUP> were chosen to study the chemical evolutionary states of PGCCs. Among 121 observed molecular cores associated with PGCCs, 71 and 58 are detected with C2H <I>N</I> = 1 − 0 and N2H<SUP>+</SUP><I>J</I> = 1 − 0, respectively. The detected lines of most sources can be fitted with a single component with compatible <I>V</I>LSR and line widths, which confirms that these PGCC cores are very cold (with gas temperatures 9-21 K) and quiescent while still dominanted by turbulence. The ratio between the column densities of C2H and N2H<SUP>+</SUP> (<I>N</I>(C2H)/<I>N</I>(N2H<SUP>+</SUP>)) is found to be a good tracer for the evolutionary states of PGCC cores. Gas-grain chemical model can reproduce the decreasing trend of <I>N</I>(C2H)/<I>N</I>(N2H<SUP>+</SUP>) as a function of time. The cores with the lowest abundances of N2H<SUP>+</SUP> (<I>X</I>[N2H<SUP>+</SUP>] < 10<SUP>−10</SUP>) are the youngest, and have nearly constant abundances of C2H. In evolved cores with <I>X</I>[N2H<SUP>+</SUP>] ~10<SUP>−9</SUP>, abundances of C2H drop quickly as the exhaustion of carbon atoms. Although these PGCC cores are in different evolutionary states, they are all quite young (< 5 × 10<SUP>5</SUP> yr) with <I>N</I>(C2H) > <I>N</I>(N2H<SUP>+</SUP>). Mapping observations are carried out toward 20 PGCC cores. The PGCC cores in Cepheus have lower <I>N</I>(C2H)/<I>N</I>(N2H<SUP>+</SUP>) and larger line widths compared with those in Taurus. This implies that PGCC cores in Taurus are less chemically evolved than those in Cepheus.</P>

Distribution of stress state in the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan and a comparison with Japan Trench

Lin, W.,Byrne, T.B.,Kinoshita, M.,McNeill, L.C.,Chang, C.,Lewis, J.C.,Yamamoto, Y.,Saffer, D.M.,Casey Moore, J.,Wu, H.Y.,Tsuji, T.,Yamada, Y.,Conin, M.,Saito, S.,Ito, T.,Tobin, H.J.,Kimura, G.,Kanagaw Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co 2016 Tectonophysics Vol.692 No.2

<P>To better understand the distribution of three dimensional stress states in the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan, we review various stress-related investigations carried out in the first and second stage expeditions of the Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) and compile the stress data. Overall, the maximum principal stress sigma(l) in the shallower levels (<similar to 1 km) is vertical from near the center of forearc basin to near the trench and; the maximum horizontal stress S-Hmax (interpreted to be the intermediate principal stress sigma(2)) is generally parallel to the plate convergence vector. The exception to this generalization occurs along the shelf edge of the Nankai margin where S-Hmax, is along strike rather than parallel to the plate convergence vector. Reorientation of the principal stresses at deeper levels (e.g., >similar to 1 km below seafloor or in underlying accretionary prism) with sigma(1) becoming horizontal is also suggested at all deeper drilling sites. We also make a comparison of the stress state in the hanging wall of the frontal plate-interface between Site C0066 in the Nankai and Site C0019 in the Japan Trench subduction zone drilled after the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. In the Japan Trench, a comparison between stress state before and after the 2011 mega-earthquake shows that the stress changed from compression before the earthquake to extension after the earthquake. As a result of the comparison between the Nankai Trough and Japan Trench, a similar current stress state with trench parallel extension was recognized at both C0006 and C0019 sites. Hypothetically, this may indicate that in Nankai Trough it is still in an early stage of the interseismic cycle of a great earthquake which occurs on the decollement and propagates to the toe (around site C0006). (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

Functional effects of β₃-adrenoceptor on pacemaker activity in interstitial cells of Cajal from the mouse colon

Wu, M.J.,Shin, D.H.,Kim, M.Y.,Park, C.G.,Kim, Y.D.,Lee, J.,Park, I.K.,Choi, S.,So, I.,Park, J.S.,Jun, J.Y. North-Holland ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2015 european journal of pharmacology Vol.754 No.-

<P>We investigated the presence of beta(3)-adrenoceptor and its functional effects on pacemaker potentials in colonic interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) from mice. The whole cell patch clamp technique was used to record pacemaker potentials in cultured ICCs and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect the mRNA transcript levels beta-adrenoceptors. The beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, BRL37344, reduced the frequency of pacemaker potentials in a Concentration dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of BRL37344 wore blocked by the pretreatment of propranolol, a nonspecific beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, but not by the selective beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol and the selective beta(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist butoxamine. beta(3)-adrenocepto antagonists SR59230A and L748337 blocked the inhibitory effects of BRL37344. RT-PCR revealed mRNA transcripts of beta(1)- and beta(3)-adrenoceptor, but not beta(2)-adrenoceptor, in c-kit- and Ano-1-positive colonic ICCs. The K+ channel blockers tetraethylammoniu, apamin, and glibenclamide did not block the effects of BRL37344. N-omega-Nitio-L-arginiue methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), an NO synthase inhibitor, and chelerythrine, a protein Kinase C inhibitor, also did not block the effects of BRL37344. Noradrenaline mimicked the effects of BRL37344 in colonic ICCs. However, the inhibitory effects of noradrenaline on pacemaker potentials were blocked only by pretreatment with atenolol but not by butoxamine, SR59230A, or L748337 in small intestinal ICCs, BRL37344 had no effect On pacemaker potentials and mRNA transcripts of beta(1)-and beta(2)-adrenoceptor, but not beta(3)-adrenoceptor were detected. These results suggest that beta(3)-adrenoceptors are present in colonic ICCs and may play a role in regulating gastrointestinal motility by the inhibition or pacemaker potentials. (C) 2015 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.</P>

Real-time Tumor Oxygenation Changes After Single High-dose Radiation Therapy in Orthotopic and Subcutaneous Lung Cancer in Mice: Clinical Implication for Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy Schedule Optimization

Song, C.,Hong, B.J.,Bok, S.,Lee, C.J.,Kim, Y.E.,Jeon, S.R.,Wu, H.G.,Lee, Y.S.,Cheon, G.J.,Paeng, J.C.,Carlson, D.J.,Kim, H.J.,Ahn, G.O. Pergamon Press 2016 International journal of radiation oncology, biolo Vol.95 No.3

<P>Purpose: To investigate the serial changes of tumor hypoxia in response to single high-dose irradiation by various clinical and preclinical methods to propose an optimal fractionation schedule for stereotactic ablative radiation therapy. Methods and Materials: Syngeneic Lewis lung carcinomas were grown either orthotopically or subcutaneously in C57BL/6 mice and irradiated with a single dose of 15 Gy to mimic stereotactic ablative radiation therapy used in the clinic. Serial [F-18]-misonidazole (F-MISO) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, pimonidazole fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses, hypoxia-responsive element-driven bioluminescence, and Hoechst 33342 perfusion were performed before irradiation (day -1), at 6 hours (day 0), and 2 (day 2) and 6 (day 6) days after irradiation for both subcutaneous and orthotopic lung tumors. For F-MISO, the tumor/brain ratio was analyzed. Results: Hypoxic signals were too low to quantitate for orthotopic tumors using F-MISO PET or hypoxia-responsive element-driven bioluminescence imaging. In subcutaneous tumors, the maximum tumor/brain ratio was 2.87 +/- 0.483 at day -1, 1.67 +/- 0.116 at day 0, 2.92 +/- 0.334 at day 2, and 2.13 +/- 0.385 at day 6, indicating that tumor hypoxia was decreased immediately after irradiation and had returned to the pretreatment levels at day 2, followed by a slight decrease by day 6 after radiation. Pimonidazole analysis also revealed similar patterns. Using Hoechst 33342 vascular perfusion dye, CD31, and cleaved caspase 3 coimmunostaining, we found a rapid and transient vascular collapse, which might have resulted in poor intratumor perfusion of F-MISO PET tracer or pimonidazole delivered at day 0, leading to decreased hypoxic signals at day 0 by PET or pimonidazole analyses. Conclusions: We found tumor hypoxia levels decreased immediately after delivery of a single dose of 15 Gy and had returned to the pretreatment levels 2 days after irradiation and had decreased slightly by day 6. Our results indicate that single high-dose irradiation can produce a rapid, but reversible, vascular collapse in tumors. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</P>

Astaxanthin reduces hepatic lipid accumulations in high-fat-fed C57BL/6J mice via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and inhibition of PPAR gamma and Akt

Jia, Y.,Wu, C.,Kim, J.,Kim, B.,Lee, S.J. Butterworths ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2016 The Journal of nutritional biochemistry Vol.28 No.-

<P>We have previously reported that astaxanthin (AX), a dietary carotenoid, directly interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma, activating PPAR alpha while inhibiting PPAR gamma, and thus reduces lipid accumulation in hepatocytes in vitro. To investigate the effects of AX in vivo, high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice were orally administered AX (6 or 30 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle for 8 weeks. AX significantly reduced the levels of triglyceride both in plasma and in liver compared with the control HFD mice. AX significantly improved liver histology and thus reduced both steatosis and inflammation scores of livers with hematoxylin and eosin staining. The number of inflammatory macrophages and Kupffer cells were reduced in livers by AX administration assessed with F4/80 staining. Hepatic PPAR alpha-responsive genes involved in fatty acid uptake and beta-oxidation were upregulated, whereas inflammatory genes were downregulated by AX administration. In vitro radiolabeled assays revealed that hepatic fatty acid oxidation was induced by AX administration, whereas fatty acid synthesis was not changed in hepatocytes. In mechanism studies, AX inhibited Akt activity and thus decreased SREBP1 phosphorylation and induced Insig-2a expression, both of which delayed nuclear translocation of SREBP1 and subsequent hepatic lipogenesis. Additionally, inhibition of the Akt-mTORC1 signaling axis by AX stimulated hepatic autophagy that could promote degradation of lipid droplets. These suggest that AX lowers hepatic lipid accumulation in HFD-fed mice via multiple mechanisms. In addition to the previously reported differential regulation of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma, inhibition of Akt activity and activation of hepatic autophagy reduced hepatic steatosis in mouse livers. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</P>

객체 지향 패러다임에서의 소프트웨어 컴포넌트 분류에 관한 연구

박서영(S.Y. Park),김갑수(K S. Kim),명선영(S Y. Myung),신영길(Y.G. Shin),우치수(C.S. Wu) 한국정보과학회 1993 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.20 No.2

소프트웨어 생산성과 품질 향상을 위하여 소프트웨어의 재사용과 객체지향 개념이 현재 많이 연구되어 활용되고 있다. 특히, 객체 지향 소프트웨어에서는 각 컴포넌트들이 독립적고 상속성을 갖고 있기 때문에 Procedural 소프트웨어들보다 재사용의 정도가 훨씬 높다. 그런데 현재의 재사용 시스템들은 객체 지향 소프트웨어에 적용할 수 있는 분류 및 검색 방법이 전혀 개발되지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 객체 지향 언어인 C++ 언어에서 대해서 각 Class들을 분류하는 새로운 방법을 제시한다. 먼저 클래스들의 유사성(similarity)을 계산한다. 클래스들 간의 유사성은 data similarity와 function similarity를 나누어서 계산한다. 이를 이용하여 클래스들의 similarity를 계산한다. 이 similarity를 사용하여 클래스들을 수정하고, 효율적으로 사용할 수 있는 새로운 클래스를 생성하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 또한 이 유사성을 이용하여 클래스간의 상속성을 표현할 수 있는 클러스터링 알고리즘을 제안한다.

Optical Characterization of ZnMnO Thin Films on c-Al2O3

H. J. LIN,D. Y. Lin,J. S. Wu,W. C. CHOU,C. S. YANG,J. S. WANG,W. H. Lo 한국물리학회 2008 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.53 No.1

Various optical measurement technologies have ben used to characterize ZnMnO thin filmswith different Mn compositions grown by molecular beam epitaxy(MBE) on c-Al2O3 substrates. Thelat- tice constant and the crystalization quality have ben evaluated by using X-ray diraction (XRD). Photoluminescence (PL) has ben used to reveal the neutral-donor-bound exciton (D0X) and to checkthelm'squality. Defect-relatedabsorptionsignatures,inadditiontonear-band-edgeabsorp- tion, due to the zinc vacancy and the donor-aceptor pair (DAP) have ben found in the surface photovoltagespectra(SPS).Freexcitonictransitionsandtheirphonon-asistedreplicashaveben observed in the re ectance spectra. Our experimental results not only unveil specic optical tran- sitionenergies but also indicate arapid materiald deterioration whenMn incorporation goes beyond a certain amount to cause manganese segregation. Various optical measurement technologies have ben used to characterize ZnMnO thin filmswith different Mn compositions grown by molecular beam epitaxy(MBE) on c-Al2O3 substrates. Thelat- tice constant and the crystalization quality have ben evaluated by using X-ray diraction (XRD). Photoluminescence (PL) has ben used to reveal the neutral-donor-bound exciton (D0X) and to checkthelm'squality. Defect-relatedabsorptionsignatures,inadditiontonear-band-edgeabsorp- tion, due to the zinc vacancy and the donor-aceptor pair (DAP) have ben found in the surface photovoltagespectra(SPS).Freexcitonictransitionsandtheirphonon-asistedreplicashaveben observed in the re ectance spectra. Our experimental results not only unveil specic optical tran- sitionenergies but also indicate arapid materiald deterioration whenMn incorporation goes beyond a certain amount to cause manganese segregation.

Hexacosanol reduces plasma and hepatic cholesterol by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and suppression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 in HepG2 and C57BL/6J mice

Lee, J.H.,Jia, Y.,Thach, T.T.,Han, Y.,Kim, B.,Wu, C.,Kim, Y.,Seo, W.D.,Lee, S.J. Pergamon Press 2017 Nutrition research Vol.43 No.-

<P>Policosanols have hypocholesterolemic activity; however, the molecular mechanism of the policosanol effects is currently poorly characterized. We hypothesized that hexacosanol, a policosanol compound derived from barley sprout, may decrease cellular and plasma cholesterol levels; we thus investigated the hypocholesterolemic activity and mechanism of hexacosanol on both hepatocytes and high-fat-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. The reduction of total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and cholesteryl ester concentrations was confirmed in hexacosanol-stimulated hepatocytes (-38%, -33%, and -53%, respectively). Plasma, hepatic cholesterol concentrations, and hepatic steatosis were significantly reduced in high-fat-fed mice orally administered with hexacosanol (0.7 mg/kg body weight a day) for 8 weeks compared with those of vehicle-fed control mice (-15% and -40%, respectively). Hexacosanol in fact bound to the allosteric regulation site of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-beta subunit and thus activated AMPK that inhibited the activity of 3-hydroxy-3methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase by inhibitory phosphorylation. In addition, activation of AMPK by hexacosanol induced hepatic autophagy activity, which could further reduce hepatic lipid accumulation. Alternatively, hexacosanol suppressed the nuclear translocation and activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), a key transcription factor in cholesterol biosynthesis. These results collectively suggest that hexacosanol is a major hypocholesterolemic compound in barley sprouts with regulation of AMPK activation and SREBP-2 suppression. These suppress 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutarylcoenzyme A reductase at both mRNA expression and protein activity levels. In conclusion, hexacosanol activates AMPK and hepatic autophagy and inhibits SREBP2, resulting in hypocholesterolemic activities and improvement of hepatic steatosis. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Inc.</P>

Rice mutants deficient in ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD8) fail to acclimate to cold temperatures

Tovuu, A.,Zulfugarov, I.S.,Wu, G.,Kang, I.S.,Kim, C.,Moon, B.Y.,An, G.,Lee, C.H. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. 2016 Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Vol. No.

<P>To investigate the role of omega-3 fatty acid (FA) desaturase (FAD8) during cold acclimation in higher plants, we characterized three independent T-DNA insertional knock-out mutants of OsFAD8 from rice (Oryza sativa L.). At room temperature (28 degrees C), osfad8 plants exhibited significant alterations in fatty acid (FA) unsaturation for all four investigated plastidic lipid classes. During a 5-d acclimation period at 4 degrees C, further changes in FA unsaturation in both wild-type (WT) and mutant plants varied according to the type of lipid. We also monitored the fluidity of the thylakoid membrane using a threshold temperature to represent the change in fluorescence. The values were altered significantly by both FAD8 mutation and cold acclimation, suggesting that factors other than FAD8 are involved in C18 FA unsaturation and fluctuations in membrane fluidity. Similarly, significant changes were noted for both the mutant and WT samples in terms of their FA compositions as well as activities related to photosystem (PS) I, PSII, and photoprotection. This included the development of non-photochemical quenching and increased zeaxanthin accumulation. Despite the relatively small changes in FA composition during cold acclimation, cold-inducible FAD8 knock-out mutants displayed strong differences in photoprotective activities and a further drop in membrane fluidity. The mutants were more sensitive than WT to short-term low-temperature stress that resulted in increased production of reactive oxygen species after 5 d of chilling. Taken together, our findings suggest that FA unsaturation by OsFAD8 is crucial for the acclimation of higher plants to low-temperature stress. (C) 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.</P>

Micropropagation of Cymbidium sinense using continuous and temporary airlift bioreactor systems

Gao, R.,Wu, S. Q.,Piao, X. C.,Park, S. Y.,Lian, M. L. POLISH ACADEMY SCIENCES WARSAW 2014 Acta physiologiae plantarum Vol.36 No.1

Airlift bioreactors were programmed for continuous and temporary immersion culture to investigate factors that affect the rhizome proliferation, shoot formation, and plantlet regeneration of Cymbidium sinense. During rhizome proliferation, the continuous immersion bioreactor system was used to explore the effects of activated charcoal (AC) in the culture medium, inoculation density, and air volume on rhizome differentiation and growth. The optimum conditions for obtaining massive health rhizomes were 0.3 g l(-1) AC in the culture medium, 7.5 g l(-1) inoculation density, and 150 ml min(-1) air. In addition, the temporary immersion bioreactor system was used for both shoot formation and plantlet regeneration. Supplementing 4 mg l(-1) 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.2 mg l(-1) naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) to the culture medium promoted shoot induction from the rhizome. Cutting the rhizome explants into 1 cm segments was better for massive shoot formation than cutting into 0.25 and 0.5 cm explant segments. NAA promoted plantlet regeneration and the rooting rate (94.7 %), with whole plantlets growing well in culture medium containing 1.0 mg l(-1) NAA. Therefore, applying bioreactors in C. sinense micropropagation is an efficient way for scaling up the production of propagules and whole plantlets for the industrial production of high-quality seedlings.