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Son, Seon Kyoung,Kim, Youn-Su,Son, Hae Jung,Ko, Min Jae,Kim, Honggon,Lee, Doh-Kwon,Kim, Jin Young,Choi, Dong Hoon,Kim, Kyungkon,Kim, BongSoo American Chemical Society 2014 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol.118 No.5
<P>We synthesized four polymers (pT3DPP-HD, pT3DPP-OD, pT2TTDPP-HD, and pT2TTDPP-OD) and characterized their photovoltaic properties as a function of the backbone planarity, alkyl side chain length, and film morphology. The polymers were donor–acceptor type low-band-gap (1.2–1.3 eV) polymers employing terthiophene (T3) or thiophene–thieno[3,2-<I>b</I>]thiophene–thiophene (T2TT) as the donor and 2,5-bis(2-hexyldecyl)pyrrolo[3,4-<I>c</I>]pyrrole-1,4-(2<I>H</I>,5<I>H</I>)-dione (DPP-HD) or 2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)pyrrolo[3,4-<I>c</I>]pyrrole-1,4-(2<I>H</I>,5<I>H</I>)-dione (DPP-OD) as the acceptor. The T2TT moiety in the polymer backbone is more planar than the T3; the OD moiety as the alkyl side chain ensured a higher solubility than the HD moiety. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated, and their properties were characterized. The photoactive layer consisted of one of the four polymers and one of the fullerene derivatives (PC<SUB>70</SUB>BM or PC<SUB>60</SUB>BM). For a given fullerene derivative, the PCEs prepared with each of the four polymers were ordered according to pT3DPP-OD, pT2TTDPP-HD, pT3DPP-HD, and pT2TTDPP-OD. Studies on the morphologies of the polymer:fullerene layers revealed that the pT3DPP-OD:PC<SUB>70</SUB>BM blend exhibited an optimal degree of phase separation between the polymer and the fullerene, while retaining a high degree of interconnectivity, thereby yielding the highest PCE measured in this series. By contrast, the pT2TTDPP-OD:fullerene yielded the lowest PCE because of too high crystalline fibrous polymer domains. In conclusion, we demonstrate that minute variations in the polymer chemical structure strongly affects both (i) the nanoscale miscibility between the polymers and fullerenes and (ii) the interconnectivity of the polymer chains, and these properties are tightly correlated with the solar cell performance.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jpccck/2014/jpccck.2014.118.issue-5/jp405744d/production/images/medium/jp-2013-05744d_0010.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/jp405744d'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
A Simple Approach for Determining No-Passing Zones in Two-Lane Rural Highways
Bongsoo Son 대한교통학회 1998 대한교통학회 기타자료 Vol.1998 No.-
Provision of Passing Sight Distance (PSD) is an important component in two-lane highway design and has a critical impact on capacity of highway and safety of drivers. Many models have been developed to estimate PSD reasonably. However, each of them has a number of shortcomings for reflecting the real traffic conditions. This paper introduces a revised model that reflects the characteristics of the passing maneuver. The changes in passing sight distances under different assumptions about acceleration and vehicle length, which are related to vehicle types, are presented. The results obtained by the revised model are compared with those obtained from the existing models. There is an important link between geometric design decisions which determine the available sight distance and the quality of service which the road provides. In this paper, we examine one aspect of this relationship. That is to determine whether the passing sight distance is provided by improving horizontal alignment for a specific roadway section or passing may be restricted to save the road construction cost. To do so, a simple method for estimating traffic delay in no-passing is introduced.
Lee, JoongSuk,Son, Seon Kyoung,Song, Sanghoon,Kim, Hyunjung,Lee, Dong Ryoul,Kim, Kyungkon,Ko, Min Jae,Choi, Dong Hoon,Kim, BongSoo,Cho, Jeong Ho American ChemicalSociety 2012 Chemistry of materials Vol.24 No.7
<P>We investigated the performance of ambipolar field-effecttransistors based on a seriesof alternating low band gap polymers of oligothiophene and diketopyrrolopyrrole(DPP). The polymers contain oligothiophene units of terthiophene [T3]and thiophene-thienothiophene-thiophene [T2TT] and DPP units carryingbranched alkyl chains of 2-hexyldecyl [HD] or 2-octyldodecyl [OD].The structural variation allows us to do a systematic study on therelationship between the interchain stacking/ordering of semiconductingpolymers and their resulting device performance. On the basis of synchrotronX-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy measurements on polymerfilms, we found that longer branched alkyl side chains, i.e., OD,and longer and more planar oligothiophene, i.e., T2TT, generate themore crystalline structures. Upon thermal annealing, the crystallinityof the polymers was largely improved, and polymers containing a longerbranched alkyl chain responded faster because longer alkyl chainshave larger cohesive forces than shorter chains. For all the polymers,excellent ambipolar behavior was observed with a maximum hole andelectron mobility of 2.2 and 0.2 cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>–1</SUP> s<SUP>–1</SUP>, respectively.</P><P>We investigated the performance of ambipolarfield-effecttransistors based on a series of alternating low band gap polymersof oligothiophene and diketopyrrolopyrrole (pDPPT3-HD, pDPPT3-OD,pDPPT2TT-HD, and pDPPT2TT-OD). Herein, we report the high carriermobilities and the good correlation between the interchain stackingof polymers and their device performance.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/cmatex/2012/cmatex.2012.24.issue-7/cm2037487/production/images/medium/cm-2011-037487_0008.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/cm2037487'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>