Role of Women in the Workplace & Finding Balance

Kristen Betts(크리스틴 벳츠),Elizabeth Suá,rez(엘리자베스 수아래즈) 한국공공정책학회 2010 공공정책연구 Vol.17 No.1

Women in the United States represent 50.7 percent of the population and 49.83 percent of the US labor force. While they continue to outpace men in the number of college degrees conferred annually, they hold fewer board seats and executive level positions than men in US corporations and higher education institutions. Women also receive 80 cents for every dollar earned by men. For working women who want to start a family, prohibitive factors may outweigh supportive factors for finding balance/harmony in the workplace and daily life. Career interruptions can derail promotions and raises as well as affect re-entry into the employment sector and long-term career advancement. With a weak global economy, there is a increasing national need for a more credential workforce. In fact, the Lumina Foundation (2009) reports “there will be a shortage of 16 million college educated adults in the American workforce by 2025” (p. 2). While women college graduates are poised to help decrease this shortage, it is important that employers develop innovative strategies to support working women and working mothers. This paper provides an overview of women and mothers in the US workforce as well as strategies for employers and for women to support balance/harmony in the workplace and daily life.

The Future of Force and U.S. National Security Strategy

( Richard K Betts ) 한국국방연구원 2005 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.17 No.3

What are the likely trends in the use of force in world politics in the coming 15 years, and how will they relate to U.S. national security policy? Most places in which the United States enters combat will be ones that planners do not now anticipate, because when and where force is used will depend on local crises that the United States cannot control in advance, accumulated lessons from experience, and the particular administration in power in Washington at the time. Limited humanitarian interventions will be frequent, but more often undertaken by other countries than by American forces. Unconventional American counter terror operations will be frequent, since Al Qaeda is unlikely to be neutralized soon. Inter-state conventional wars will be rare, especially since the United States is much more constrained from attacking remaining "rogue" states because of the bad results of the invasion of Iraq and the more complicated political and diplomatic obstacles in regard to Iran and North Korea. Use of weapons of mass destruction poses the biggest uncertainty, since such weapons are spreading, and it is unclear that all countries will handle them in the same restrained way that the United States and Soviet Union did during the Cold War. International institutions and legal norms regarding the use of force will be increasingly prominent, but more in the policies and rhetoric of weak states than of major powers, which will continue to assert interpretations of laws and norms that conform to their preferred security policies. Other countries will react to the use of U.S. power in various ways. by cooperating, carping, cowering, or countering. depending on their particular situations.

Antifungal Synergy of Theaflavin and Epicatechin Combinations Against Candida albicans

( Jonathan W Betts ),( David W Wareham ),( Stephen J Haswell ),( Stephen M Kelly ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2013 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.23 No.9

New antifungal agents are required to compensate for the increase in resistance to standard antifungal agents of Candida albicans, which is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes minor infections in many individuals but very serious infections in those who are immune-compromised. In this study, combinations of theaflavin and epicatechin are investigated as potential antifungal agents and also to establish whether antifungal synergy exists between these two readily accessible and cost-effective polyphenols isolated from black and green tea. The results of disc diffusion assays showed stronger antibacterial activity of theaflavin:epicatechin combinations against C. albicans NCTC 3255 and NCTC 3179, than that of theaflavin alone. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1,024 μg/ml with theaflavin and 128-256 μg/ml with theaflavin:epicatechin combinations were found. The fractional inhibitory concentration indexes were calculated, and the synergy between theaflavin and epicatechin against both isolates of C. albicans was confirmed. Theaflavin:epicatechin combinations show real potential for future use as a treatment for infections caused by C. albicans.

Embellishing Problem-Solving Examples with Deep Structure Information Facilitates Transfer

Lee, Hee Seung,Betts, Shawn,Anderson, John R. HELDREF Publications, etc 2017 The Journal of experimental education Vol.85 No.2

Not taking the easy road: When similarity hurts learning

Lee, Hee Seung,Betts, Shawn,Anderson, John R. Springer - Psychonomic Society 2015 Memory & cognition Vol.43 No.6

<P>Two experimental studies examined the effects of example format and example similarity on mathematical problem solving across different learning contexts. Participants were more successful inducing a correct problem-solving rule when they were provided with annotated examples rather than nonannotated examples. The effects of example similarity varied depending on learning context. In Experiment 1, by presenting an example and problem simultaneously, a direct comparison was possible between the cases. When the examples were similar, participants relied on superficial analogies that hurt learning. When an example was dissimilar from the given problem, participants appeared to study the example first to induce a solution procedure and then apply the rule to the problem, thus resulting in better learning and transfer. However, in Experiment 2 where the example and problem were presented in a sequential manner, the effect disappeared because the learning context did not support a direct comparison. We conclude that comparison is not inherently good for promoting learning and transfer, rather its effect depends on whether it supports relational mapping that is essential for schema acquisition.</P>

Measurement-Based Large-Signal Simulation of Active Components from Automated Non-Liner Vector Network Analyzer Data via X-parameters

Horn, Jason,Gunyan, Daniel,Betts, Loren,Gillease, Chad,Verspecht, Jan,Root, David E. The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineerin 2013 전자파기술 Vol.24 No.3

Treating Pain in Pregnancy with Acupuncture: Observational Study Results from a Free Clinic in New Zealand

Elizabeth Soliday,Debra Betts 사단법인약침학회 2018 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.11 No.1

Introduction Clinic-based acupuncturists, midwives, and physiotherapists have reported using acupuncture to treat lumbopelvic pain in pregnancy, a common condition that may affect functioning and quality of life. To contribute to the emerging evidence on treatment outcomes, we collected patient-reported pain reduction data from women treated during pregnancy in a no-pay, hospital-based acupuncture service in New Zealand. Methods Observational study of patient-reported symptom reduction.The main outcome measure was the MYMOP (Measure Your Medical Outcome Profile), a brief, validated self-report instrument. Open-ended questions on treatment experiences and adverse events were included. Results Of the 81 women on whom we had complete treatment data, the majority (N = 72, 89%) reported clinically meaningful symptom reduction. Patient-reported adverse events were infrequent and mild. Discussion Patient-reported and treatment-related lumbopelvic pain symptom reduction findings provide further evidence that acupuncture in pregnancy is safe and beneficial in a field setting. We discuss this study's unique contributions in providing guidance for clinicians who practice acupuncture in pregnancy, including midwives, physiotherapists, and physicians.

Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization

Rademeyer, Cecilia,Korber, Bette,Seaman, Michael S.,Giorgi, Elena E.,Thebus, Ruwayhida,Robles, Alexander,Sheward, Daniel J.,Wagh, Kshitij,Garrity, Jetta,Carey, Brittany R.,Gao, Hongmei,Greene, Kelli M Public Library of Science 2016 PLoS pathogens Vol.12 No.7

<▼1><P>The development of biomedical interventions to reduce acquisition of HIV-1 infection remains a global priority, however their potential effectiveness is challenged by very high HIV-1 envelope diversity. Two large prophylactic trials in high incidence, clade C epidemic regions in southern Africa are imminent; passive administration of the monoclonal antibody VRC01, and active immunization with a clade C modified RV144-like vaccines. We have created a large representative panel of C clade viruses to enable assessment of antibody responses to vaccines and natural infection in Southern Africa, and we investigated the genotypic and neutralization properties of recently transmitted clade C viruses to determine how viral diversity impacted antibody recognition. We further explore the implications of these findings for the potential effectiveness of these trials. A panel of 200 HIV-1 Envelope pseudoviruses was constructed from clade C viruses collected within the first 100 days following infection. Viruses collected pre-seroconversion were significantly more resistant to serum neutralization compared to post-seroconversion viruses (p = 0.001). Over 13 years of the study as the epidemic matured, HIV-1 diversified (p = 0.0009) and became more neutralization resistant to monoclonal antibodies VRC01, PG9 and 4E10. When tested at therapeutic levels (10ug/ml), VRC01 only neutralized 80% of viruses in the panel, although it did exhibit potent neutralization activity against sensitive viruses (IC<SUB>50</SUB> titres of 0.42 μg/ml). The Gp120 amino acid similarity between the clade C panel and candidate C-clade vaccine protein boosts (Ce1086 and TV1) was 77%, which is 8% more distant than between CRF01_AE viruses and the RV144 CRF01_AE immunogen. Furthermore, two vaccine signature sites, K169 in V2 and I307 in V3, associated with reduced infection risk in RV144, occurred less frequently in clade C panel viruses than in CRF01_AE viruses from Thailand. Increased resistance of pre-seroconversion viruses and evidence of antigenic drift highlights the value of using panels of very recently transmitted viruses and suggests that interventions may need to be modified over time to track the changing epidemic. Furthermore, high divergence such as that observed in the older clade C epidemic in southern Africa may impact vaccine efficacy, although the correlates of infection risk are yet to be defined in the clade C setting. Findings from this study of acute/early clade C viruses will aid vaccine development, and enable identification of new broad and potent antibodies to combat the HIV-1 C-clade epidemic in southern Africa.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>Vaccine and passive immunization prophylactic trials that rely on antibody-mediated protection are planned for HIV-1 clade C epidemic regions of southern Africa, which have amongst the highest HIV-1 incidences globally. This includes a phase 2b trial of passively administered monoclonal antibody, VRC01; as well as a phase 3 trial using the clade C modified version of the partially efficacious RV144 vaccine. The extraordinary diversity of HIV-1 poses a major obstacle to these interventions, and our study aimed to determine the implications of viral diversity on antibody recognition. Investigations using our panel of very early viruses augment current knowledge of vulnerable targets on transmitted viruses for vaccine design and passive immunization studies. Evidence of antigenic drift with viruses becoming more resistant over time suggests that these prevention modalities will need to be updated over time and that combinations of antibodies will be necessary to achieve coverage in passive immunization studies. We further show that it may be more difficult to obtain protection in the genetically diverse clade C epidemic compared to RV144 where the epidemic is less diverse, although it should be noted that the correlates of infection risk are yet to be defined in the clade C setti

Current Trends Stimulating the Growth of Distance Education in Higher Education in the United States of America

Greenberg, Joseph A .,Betts, Kristen S . 관광경영학회 1998 관광경영연구 Vol.3 No.-

시멘트를 사용한 Failed Total Hip Replacements에서의 금속 파편(Metallic Debris) 및 롤리에틸렌 파련(Polyethylene Debris)의 크기에 관한 연구

이중명,Eduardo a. Salvati,Foster Betts,Edward F. DiCarlo,Stephen B. Doty,Peter G. Bullough (Joong Myung Lee) 대한고관절학회 1991 Hip and Pelvis Vol.3 No.2

Reports of different failure rates with total hip replacements depending on the metal from which the parts were manufactured have prompted us to measure the size of metallic and polyethylene particulate debris present in the periarticular tissues around failed cemented total hip prostheses. Two methods of specimen preparation were used: An isolations method, in which the tissue was remove leaving the metallic debris and a non-isolation method consisting of routine histologic preparation for light microscopy. For each methods, we used the femoral components from ten cases each of titanium alloy, cobalt-chrome alloy, stainless steel. Particles were measured on a computer-assisted image analyzer. In all cases the mean size of metallic particulate debris with the isolation method was 0.8-1.0microns in short dimension and 1.5-1.8microns in long dimension. From the nonisolation method, the mean size was significantly smaller at 0.3-0.4 microns in short dimension and 0.6-0.7 microns in long dimension. Howerver, when the same technique was used, the sizes of metallic particulate debris did not differ. The mean size of polyethylene debris was 2-4microns in short dimerision, 8-3microns in long dimension, and was larger in tissues retrieved from titanium alloy failures than in tissues from cobaltchrome and stainless steel implants. This study suggests that factors other than the size of metallic debris (e.g. constituents of the alloy, amount, and celerity of generation of ddbris) may be more important for the failure of total hip replacement.