http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Migration of α-tocopherol and resveratrol from poly(L-lactic acid)/starch blends films into ethanol
Hwang, S.W.,Shim, J.K.,Selke, S.,Soto-Valdez, H.,Matuana, L.,Rubino, M.,Auras, R. Applied Science Publishers 2013 Journal of food engineering Vol.116 No.4
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)/starch blends with various concentrations of two natural antioxidants, α-tocopherol (α-TOC) and resveratrol, were fabricated by a melt blending and compression molding processes. The effects of the two antioxidants on the optical (color), thermal and mechanical properties of PLLA/starch blends with antioxidants were assessed. PLLA/starch blend films with α-TOC and resveratrol showed a yellowish color influenced by the combined effect of white starch and the brown color of the antioxidants. The glass transition and melting temperatures were significantly reduced with the addition of antioxidants while enhanced thermal stability was observed, which could be a benefit and important for processing and production. The enhanced mechanical properties could be attributed to not only a compatibilization effect based on the chemical linkage between PLLA and starch chains, but also restriction of the chain mobility by antioxidants. The release of resveratrol from PLLA and PLLA/starch blend films into ethanol followed Fickian behavior. The D values of α-TOC were in the range of 0.47-3.95x10<SUP>-11</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP> for PLLA films and 0.70-6.83x10<SUP>-11</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP> for PLLA/starch blend films at 13<SUP>o</SUP>C, 5.67-13.0x10<SUP>-11</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP> for PLLA films and 4.10-24.2x10<SUP>-11</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP> for PLLA/starch blend films at 23<SUP>o</SUP>C, and 89.0-118.0x10<SUP>-11</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP> for PLLA films and 123-282x10<SUP>-11</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP> for PLLA/starch blend films at 43<SUP>o</SUP>C. The D values of resveratrol were in the range of 0.073-0.54x10<SUP>-10</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP> for PLLA films and 1.42-6.93x10<SUP>-10</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP> for PLLA/starch blend films at 13<SUP>o</SUP>C, 0.90-3.44x10<SUP>-10</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP> for PLLA films and 4.16-22.3x10<SUP>-10</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP> for PLLA/starch blend films at 23<SUP>o</SUP>C, and 24.8-74.1x10<SUP>-10</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP> for PLLA films and 40.1-309x10<SUP>-10</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP> for PLLA/starch blend films at 43<SUP>o</SUP>C.
Silva, Aura,Amorim, Pedro,Felix, Luiza,Abelha, Fernando,Mourao, Joana The Korean Dental Society of Anesthsiology 2018 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Vol.18 No.4
Background: Patients with intellectual disability (ID) often require general anesthesia during oral procedures. Anesthetic depth monitoring in these patients can be difficult due to their already altered mental state prior to anesthesia. In this study, the utility of electroencephalographic indexes to reflect anesthetic depth was evaluated in pediatric patients with ID. Methods: Seventeen patients (mean age, $9.6{\pm}2.9years$) scheduled for dental procedures were enrolled in this study. After anesthesia induction with propofol or sevoflurane, a bilateral sensor was placed on the patient's forehead and the bispectral index (BIS) was recorded. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane, which was adjusted according to the clinical signs by an anesthesiologist blinded to the BIS value. The index performance was accessed by correlation (with the end-tidal sevoflurane [EtSevo] concentration) and prediction probability (with a clinical scale of anesthesia). The asymmetry of the electroencephalogram between the left and right sides was also analyzed. Results: The BIS had good correlation and prediction probabilities (above 0.5) in the majority of patients; however, BIS was not correlated with EtSevo or the clinical scale of anesthesia in patients with Lennox-Gastaut, West syndrome, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy. BIS showed better correlations than SEF95 and TP. No significant differences were observed between the left- and right-side indexes. Conclusion: BIS may be able to reflect sevoflurane anesthetic depth in patients with some types of ID; however, more research is required to better define the neurological conditions and/or degrees of disability that may allow anesthesiologists to use the BIS.
A Functionalist Approach to the Linguistic Classification of Onye in Igbo
Arua Eke Aura 한국중원언어학회 2019 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.52
This paper examines the linguistic classification of onye in Igbo from a functionalist perspective. It provides full lexical, morphological, phonological and syntactic descriptions of the item. Morphologically, onye participates in the formation of multi-word expressions in Igbo. Some of its meanings, in the expressions in which it occurs, are, expectedly, both compositional and non-compositional. Onye acts as an agentive morpheme, and is, therefore, the more important component of the compound words or associative constructions in which it appears. Morpho-phonemically, syllable boundaries and phonemic pronunciations are missing from some Igbo dictionaries and the paper recommends that they should be included in them. And lexico-syntactically, onye has multiple identities as a noun, modifying adjective (or nominal modifier) and number marker. In sum, the findings of the paper are useful in that they specify in detail the linguistic characteristics of onye and show how to improve its description and entry in Igbo dictionaries. More importantly, the paper encourages Igbo linguists to pay attention to important linguistic items that are in need of further specification and clarification.
Adriana Cuenca,Aura Coy,Natalia Gutiérrez,María Paula Santos,Juan David Bustos,Ana María Morales,Alejandra Marín 대한소아응급의학회 2023 대한소아응급의학회지 Vol.10 No.1
Purpose: During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, Colombian government declared a lockdown, forcing children to stay at home. The authors aimed to analyze the change in the pattern of trauma-related visits during the lockdown. Methods: We carried out a retrospective descriptive study on injured children aged 17 years or younger who visited the emergency department of a tertiary pediatric hospital in Bogotá, Colombia from March 15 through May 15, 2019 (control period) and the same period in 2020 (lockdown period). Between the 2 periods, baseline characteristics and injury profiles were compared. Results: Among the study population (n = 1,485), 1,122 and 363 children visited the emergency department during the control and lockdown periods, respectively. In the midst of 73.9% decrease in numbers of overall visits between the 2 periods, a 67.6% decrease was noted in number of trauma-related visits. Regarding the proportions, trauma-related visits increased from 7.9% to 9.8%. During the lockdown, increases occurred in the proportions of the following variables: children younger than 5 years (25.5% to 50.7%; P < 0.001), mechanisms other than blunt, minor fall or traffic accident (e.g., bite, 3.9% to 6.6%; P = 0.032), child abuse (1.2% to 4.1%; P = 0.003), hospitalization (4.6% to 35.8%; P < 0.001), open wound (21.1% to 36.9%; P < 0.001), the use of computed tomography (6.3% to 9.9%; P < 0.001), and abnormal imaging findings (28.8% to 31.7%; P = 0.003). Conclusion: During the lockdown, children with trauma may show an increase in overall severity, and also a higher risk of abusive trauma. This finding indicates a sensible need of educating families in prevention of domestic injury.
Developing a User-Centered Tool for the Holistic Evaluation of Destination Websites
Charles Ruel Novabos,Aura C. Matias,Miguela M. Mena 대한인간공학회 2014 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.5
Many tourists nowadays go online to seek travel information. Lehto, Kim, & Morrison (2006) found that 93% of Internet users searching for travel information visit the destination’s official tourism website. This finding emphasizes the need to evaluate destination websites to ensure their effectiveness as tourism marketing channels. Effective destination websites allow users to obtain relevant information, navigate quickly through textual and graphic elements, and form a positive impression of the destination (Palmer & McCole, 2000). This study proposes an instrument that measures three broad website quality attributes—content, usability, and persuasiveness—to generate a website quality rating called the User-perceived Quality (UPQ) score. The instrument is designed for Internet users, thus it highlights the users’ perspective. A pilot test revealed that the instrument exhibits excellent psychometric properties and good internal consistency. The user evaluation results will aid web developers and destination marketing organizations in redesigning their websites to address reported deficiencies.
Aging-Associated Changes in Oxidative Stress Negatively Impacts the Urinary Bladder Urothelium
Mathijs M. de Rijk,Amanda Wolf-Johnston,Aura F. Kullmann,Stephanie Taiclet,Anthony J. Kanai,Sruti Shiva,Lori A. Birder 대한배뇨장애요실금학회 2022 International Neurourology Journal Vol.26 No.2
Purpose: Lower urinary tract symptoms are known to significantly increase with age, negatively impacting quality of life and self-reliance. The urothelium fulfills crucial tasks, serving as a barrier protecting the underlying bladder tissue from the harsh chemical composition of urine, and exhibits signaling properties via the release of mediators within the bladder wall that affect bladder functioning. Aging is associated with detrimental changes in cellular health, in part by increasing oxidative stress in the bladder mucosa, and more specifically the urothelium. This, in turn, may impact urothelial mitochondrial health and bioenergetics. Methods: We collected mucosal tissue samples from both young (3–4 months old) and aged (25–30 months old) rats. Tissue was evaluated for p21-Arc, nitrotyrosine, and cytochrome C expression by western immunoblotting. Urothelial cells were cultured for single-cell imaging to analyze basal levels of reactive oxygen species and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and cellular respiration were investigated by the Seahorse assay, and measurements of adenosine triphosphate release were made using the luciferin-luciferase assay. Results: Aging was associated with a significant increase in biomarkers of cellular senescence, oxidative stress, and basal levels of reactive oxygen species. The mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly lower in urothelial cell cultures from aged animals, and cultures from aged animals showed a significant decrease in mitochondrial bioenergetics. Conclusions: Aging-related increases in oxidative stress and excessive reactive oxygen species may be contributing factors underlying lower urinary tract symptoms in older adults. The mechanisms outlined in this study could be utilized to identify novel pharmaceutical targets to improve aging-associated bladder dysfunction.