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Hwang, Jeong-In,Zimmerman, Andrew R.,Kim, Jang-Eok Elsevier BV 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol. No.
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Uptake characteristics of endosulfan (ED), including α-, β-isomers and sulfate-metabolites, from the soils by carrot and potato plants were investigated to establish a method that may be used to calculate recommended permissible soil contaminant concentrations (<I>C</I> <SUB>s, permissible</SUB>) at time of planting so that maximum residue level (MRL) standards are not exceeded. The residues of ED were analyzed in soils treated with ED at concentrations of either 2 or 10 mg kg soil<SUP>−1</SUP> and in the plants (carrots and potatoes) grown in such soils for 60–90 d. Presence of plants increased ED dissipation rates in soils in patterns that were best fit to a double-exponential decay model (<I>R</I> <SUP>2</SUP> of 0.84–0.99). The ED uptake extent varied with type of crop, ED isomer, plant growth duration, and plant compartments. However, ED concentrations in all edible parts of crops eventually exceeded their maximum residue limits. Total ED bioconcentration factor (<I>BCF</I>), the ratio of soil ED concentration at planting time to that in edible part of each crop at harvest day, was found to decrease with time due to decreasing soil ED concentration and increasing plant biomass in a pattern that followed a first order kinetic model. Using this model, the <I>C</I> <SUB>s, permissible</SUB> values, specific to the soils used in this study, were calculated to be 0.32 and 0.19 mg kg soil<SUP>−1</SUP> for carrots and potatoes, respectively. The results and methods developed in this study may be utilized as a prediction tool to ensure crop safety from pesticide residues.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Endosulfan (ED) losses in crop-grown soils fit a double-exponential model. </LI> <LI> Crop ED uptake trends vary with plant compartment and starting soil ED levels. </LI> <LI> Bioconcentration factors (<I>BCFs</I>) decrease with time and fit first order kinetic models. </LI> <LI> <I>BCF</I> models could predict allowable soil ED residue levels for safe crop production. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Zhuhong Ding,Bin Gao,Yongshang Wan,Xinhua Zhu,Shengsen Wang,Andrew R. Zimmerman 한국공업화학회 2016 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.37 No.-
Hickory biochars were obtained through slow pyrolysis under 350 8C, 450 8C, and 600 8C. Multiplecharacterization techniques were used to characterize the biochars and showed pyrolysis temperatureaffected their O/C ratios, surface areas, cation-exchange capacities, zeta potential, surface acidic groups. As the result, the biochars showed different adsorption ability to Pb(II) and methylene blue in aqueoussolutions, which was due to the important roles of the physicochemical properties of the biochars incontrolling the sorption processes. This work provided a comprehensive evaluation of biochars, and thusexpanded on previous research on effects of pyrolysis temperature on biochar properties.