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Dominic Aja Okpara,Emmanuel Ukaobasi Mbah,Thomas Ogon Ojikpong 한국작물학회 2014 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.17 No.2
Thirty-eight high- and low-cyanide cassava genotypes were examined in the 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons at Umudike, southeasternNigeria using RCBD with three replications. Simple correlation associations and path coefficients analyses were computedamong agronomic characters with the aim of understanding the interrelationships of these characters and the extent of their contributionto the root yield of cassava. There was a significant (P≤ 0.05) positive correlation between root yield and number of rootsplant-1 with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.57, average weight of root (r = 0.58) in high-cyanide cassava genotypes, while in lowcyanide cassava genotypes, fresh root yield was highly significantly (P≤ 0.01) correlated with average weight of root (r = 0.74). Path analysis showed that average weight of root had the highest direct effect in high (0.66) and in low cyanide (0.67) cassava genotypes. Also, the number of roots plant-1 in both types of cassava exerted a positive direct effect on fresh root yield, however, a minimumeffect was obtained by number of leaves plant-1 (0.22) in high-cyanide cassava and number of stems plant-1 (-0.13) in lowcyanidecassava genotypes. Average weight of roots in high- and low-cyanide cassava genotypes had 98 and 89% direct effects,respectively, on yield of cassava. The results indicated the importance of average weight of roots and other characters such as numberof roots plant-1, plant height, and number of leaves plant-1 in determining increased yield hence priority must be accorded it duringselection aimed at increasing cassava root yield
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崔雅子 釜山大學校 師範大學 1986 교사교육연구 Vol.12 No.-
Space in paintings is not necessarily required for artistic structure. But its existence can be perceived in every works, and is one of basic problems an artist may well encounter with. Space is composed of several plastic elements for artistic structure. The importance of space lies in its functon and it is essential for the artist to make use of the function. He creates his own art in the objective world, based on his experiences. It is, therefore, quite natural that he is to explore the pictorial space or the two-dimensional canvas which he always faces. From the early Renaissance on to the mid-nineteenth century, the concept of space was that the three-dimensional space was illusionary and immense in respect of breadth and width and that it was ruled by the principle of perspective. Nowadays, however, any space concept is valid if it demonstrates a consistent control of the elements in relation to the spatial field chosen. Such a spatial order obtains vitality achieving perfection and unity when the artist feels balance and the best disposition. In order to examine the above-mentioned questions, I'd like to analize the following two respects on the basis of my personal experiences, that is,my own works; one is what the characteristic of space is and,the other, how it works on space. However, I try to avoid any possible misunderstanding caused during the analysis. I want to emphasize that arts is not created through logical stages but by instinct and intuition of the artist on the basis of logical theories. what I am trying to do is just to combine and systematize theoretical questions and real experiences through work analysis. However, systematization cannot be identified with stylization. To be stylized means to fall into mannerism, which is the act of depriving its life from arts. As unpredictable changes in the concept of space happened during the past, so more revolutionary concepts may show up in the near future. Since new thought of tomorrow is to spring from today's ideas, I start on this study hoping that exploring space this time will be instrumental to the appearance of new concept of space in the future.
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Physiological oxygen level is critical for modeling neuronal metabolism in vitro
Zhu, Jing,Aja, Susan,Kim, Eun‐,Kyoung,Park, Min Jung,Ramamurthy, Santosh,Jia, Junling,Hu, Xueying,Geng, Ping,Ronnett, Gabriele V. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2012 Journal of neuroscience research Vol.90 No.2
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>In vitro models are important tools for studying the mechanisms that govern neuronal responses to injury. Most neuronal culture methods employ nonphysiological conditions with regard to metabolic parameters. Standard neuronal cell culture is performed at ambient (21%) oxygen levels, whereas actual tissue oxygen levels in the mammalian brain range from 1% to 5%. In this study, we examined the consequences of oxygen level on the viability and metabolism of primary cultures of cortical neurons. Our results indicate that physiological oxygen level (5% O<SUB>2</SUB>) has a beneficial effect on cortical neuronal survival and mitochondrial function in vitro. Moreover, oxygen level affects metabolic fluxes: glucose uptake and glycolysis was enhanced at physiological oxygen level, whereas glucose oxidation and fatty acid oxidation were reduced. Adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) was more activated in 5% O<SUB>2</SUB> and appears to play a role in these metabolic effects. Inhibiting AMPK activity with compound C decreased glucose uptake, intracellular ATP level, and viability in neurons cultured in 5% O<SUB>2</SUB>. These data indicate that oxygen level is an important parameter to consider when modeling neuronal responses to stress in vitro. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</P>
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