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Value Cleavages, Issues, and Partisanship in East Asia
Aie-Rie Lee 동아시아연구원 2007 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.7 No.2
This article examines how the social transformation in many East Asian democracies is altering the value priorities of their publics, and how these values are affecting party choice. Our analyses are based on the newest wave of the World Values Survey. We find that the emergence of an authoritarian-libertarian value cleavage is clearly associated with level of development, but these values emerge well before what prior research indicated. In addition, we show that party loyalty among the East Asian citizenry is shaped by a mix of social values, economic issues, Left-Right ideology, distrust in governmental institutions, and proclivities to engage in protest activities.
Women Representing Women: The Case of South Korea
Aie-Rie Lee,Hyun-chool Lee 한국학술연구원 2020 Korea Observer Vol.51 No.3
This study investigates the question of whether the increased descriptive representation of women in the Korean National Assembly (KNA) is making for a substantial difference in the women s actual legislative success. Employing the National Assembly Bill Information System data this study examines the extent to which women legislators introduced and passed gender-related bills in the KNA over one and a half decades between 2000 and 2016. Our results indicate that being a female and/or being elected on the PR tier increases the likelihood of the passage of gender-related bills. Equally important is that neither ruling/opposition party membership nor the conservative/ progressive party affiliation has a significant effect on the gender-related bills passage. We also found that being a senior in the KNA turns out to produce a statistically insignificant effect. While our findings, in general, corroborate past research on the relationship between women s descriptive and substantive representation (i.e. legislative sessions with the lowest percentage of women passed the lowest number of gender-related bills), our results are also different in that they suggest that partisan loyalty did not make any difference in the gender-related legislation.
The Quality of Social Capital and Political Participation in South Korea
Aie-Rie Lee 동아시아연구원 2010 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.10 No.3
Previous research claims that associational membership produces social capital. Employing the first wave of the Asian Barometer Survey conducted in 2003, this study investigates the development of social capital and its political consequences in South Korea. Rather than study simple association membership, I examine the quality of civil society (defined as associational commitment and interaction) that individuals pursue through membership. This, I believe, provides a close test of the theoretical impact of social interactions on political participation. The findings indicate that there is a positive association between voluntary activity and two modes of political activity (voting and campaign participation) in different ways and to varying degrees. Associational membership is a significant predictor of voting. In the case of the quality of social capital, associational interaction (talking politics with group members) turns out to be significant in encouraging participation in election campaigns. Overall, my findings on the role of social capital support Putnam's argument that group interactions foster democratic participation.
Electing Women to the Japanese Lower House
Miyuki Kubo,Aie-Rie Lee 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2017 Asian Women Vol.33 No.2
Researchers cite the Japanese electoral system as an influential determinant of women’s legislative representation. While there is a broad consensus in the literature that proportional-representational electoral systems create fewer obstacles to women’s representation, we are at a loss to explain how Japan’s mixed system affects the election of women to its Lower House. To the extent that this mixed system combines attributes of both single-member district (SMD) and proportionalrepresentation (PR) tiers, the impact of the mixed system on women’s representation is contingent on how the system works. The key to understanding this mechanism, we contend, lies in political parties’ nomination strategies. We therefore seek to understand whether and/or how the mechanisms of Japan’s electoral system operate to elect women. In this study, we highlight three components of a political party’s election strategy, 1) the allocation of candidates to different types of candidacy, 2) district assignments for SMD candidates, and 3) the placement of candidates on a PR election list. By analyzing six Lower House elections, which took place between 1996 and 2012, we find that the parties’ efforts to strategically coordinate these three components has an impact on the number of women elected to Japan’s Lower House. We also reveal that a high-ranking placement for a female candidate on a closed party list does not necessarily guarantee that she will win a PR seat, because the intertwined nature of the SMD and PR tiers makes outcomes in the SMD tier a prerequisite for winning in the PR tier.