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Electing Women to the Japanese Lower House
Miyuki Kubo,Aie-Rie Lee 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2017 Asian Women Vol.33 No.2
Researchers cite the Japanese electoral system as an influential determinant of women’s legislative representation. While there is a broad consensus in the literature that proportional-representational electoral systems create fewer obstacles to women’s representation, we are at a loss to explain how Japan’s mixed system affects the election of women to its Lower House. To the extent that this mixed system combines attributes of both single-member district (SMD) and proportionalrepresentation (PR) tiers, the impact of the mixed system on women’s representation is contingent on how the system works. The key to understanding this mechanism, we contend, lies in political parties’ nomination strategies. We therefore seek to understand whether and/or how the mechanisms of Japan’s electoral system operate to elect women. In this study, we highlight three components of a political party’s election strategy, 1) the allocation of candidates to different types of candidacy, 2) district assignments for SMD candidates, and 3) the placement of candidates on a PR election list. By analyzing six Lower House elections, which took place between 1996 and 2012, we find that the parties’ efforts to strategically coordinate these three components has an impact on the number of women elected to Japan’s Lower House. We also reveal that a high-ranking placement for a female candidate on a closed party list does not necessarily guarantee that she will win a PR seat, because the intertwined nature of the SMD and PR tiers makes outcomes in the SMD tier a prerequisite for winning in the PR tier.
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