Load balancing in 5G heterogeneous networks based on automatic weight function

Gures Emre,Shayea Ibraheem,Saad Sawsan Ali,Ergen Mustafa,El-Saleh Ayman A,Ahmed Nada M.O. Sid,Alnakhli Mohammad 한국통신학회 2023 ICT Express Vol.9 No.6

Load balancing is a major challenge in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) consisting of 5G and 6G ultra-dense small cells with long-term evaluation advanced (LTE-A) networks. A key factor in achieving efficient load balancing during user mobility is creating appropriate optimisation for handover control parameters (HCP). This paper proposes a coordinated load balancing algorithm for LTE-A/fifth generation (5G) HetNets. The algorithm automatically optimises HCP settings for a given user based on three bounded functions (the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the user equipment (UE), the number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) per UE and the UE’s speed) as well as their automatic weight levels. A two-step target cell determination strategy is implemented according to the cell load level and RSRP criteria, ensuring that users are handed over to low-loaded target cells. A new HO procedure that considers the pilot signal power is also proposed, which includes the number of PRBs per UE and the RSRP. Cells with freer PRBs are prioritised in user association to provide load balance and enhanced throughput. The proposed load balancing algorithm is compared with five other load balancing algorithms selected from the literature. The simulation results reveal that under various mobile speed scenarios, the proposed load balancing scheme enhances network performance in terms of load level, throughput, spectral efficiency and call dropping ratio (CDR).

Analysis of partially embedded beams in two-parameter foundation

A.Yalçin Akoz,Hale Ergun 국제구조공학회 2012 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.42 No.1

In this study, Pasternak foundation model, which is a two parameter foundation model, is used to analyze the behavior of laterally loaded beams embedded in semi-infinite media. Total potential energy variation of the system is written to formulate the problem that yielded the required field equations and the boundary conditions. Shear force discontinuities are exposed within the boundary conditions by variational method and are validated by photo elastic experiments. Exact solution of the deflection of the beam is obtained. Both foundation parameters are obtained by self calibration for this particular problem and loading type in this study. It is shown that, like the first parameter k, the second foundation parameter G also depends not only on the material type but also on the geometry and the loading type of the system. On the other hand, surface deflection of the semi infinite media under singular loading is obtained and another method is proposed to determine the foundation parameters using the solution of this problem.

Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Nanopillar Arrays by Template-Assisted Vapor−Liquid−Solid Process

Ergen, Onur,Ruebusch, Daniel J.,Fang, Hui,Rathore, Asghar A.,Kapadia, Rehan,Fan, Zhiyong,Takei, Kuniharu,Jamshidi, Arash,Wu, Ming,Javey, Ali American Chemical Society 2010 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.132 No.40

<P>Highly regular, single-crystalline nanopillar arrays with tunable shapes and geometry are synthesized by the template-assisted vapor−liquid−solid growth mechanism. In this approach, the grown nanopillars faithfully reproduce the shape of the pores because during the growth the liquid catalyst seeds fill the space available, thereby conforming to the pore geometry. The process is highly generic for various material systems, and as an example, CdS and Ge nanopillar arrays with square, rectangular, and circular cross sections are demonstrated. In the future, this technique can be used to engineer the intrinsic properties of NPLs as a function of three independently controlled dimensional parameters - length, width and height.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2010/jacsat.2010.132.issue-40/ja1052413/production/images/medium/ja-2010-052413_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja1052413'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

A comparative study on bond of different grade reinforcing steels in concrete under accelerated corrosion

G. Kürklü,M.S. Başpinar,A. Ergün 국제구조공학회 2013 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.14 No.3

Corrosion is important reason for the deterioration of the bond between reinforcing steel and the surrounding concrete. Corrosion of the steel mainly depends on its microstructure. Smooth S220, ribbed S420 and S500 grade reinforcing steels were used in the experiments. Samples were subjected to accelerated corrosion. Pullout tests were carried out to evaluate the effects of corrosion on bond strength of the specimens. S500 grade steel which has tempered martensite microstructure showed lower corrosion rate in concrete than S220 and S420 steels which have ferrite+perlite microstructure. S500 grade steel showed highest bond strength among the other steel grades in concrete. Bond strength between reinforcing steel and concrete increased with increase in the strength of steel and concrete. It also depends on whether reinforcing bar is ribbed or not.

Analysis of partially embedded beams in two-parameter foundation

Akoz, A.Yalcin,Ergun, Hale Techno-Press 2012 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.42 No.1

In this study, Pasternak foundation model, which is a two parameter foundation model, is used to analyze the behavior of laterally loaded beams embedded in semi-infinite media. Total potential energy variation of the system is written to formulate the problem that yielded the required field equations and the boundary conditions. Shear force discontinuities are exposed within the boundary conditions by variational method and are validated by photo elastic experiments. Exact solution of the deflection of the beam is obtained. Both foundation parameters are obtained by self calibration for this particular problem and loading type in this study. It is shown that, like the first parameter k, the second foundation parameter G also depends not only on the material type but also on the geometry and the loading type of the system. On the other hand, surface deflection of the semi infinite media under singular loading is obtained and another method is proposed to determine the foundation parameters using the solution of this problem.

Electromyographic and Clinical Investigation of the Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Patients with Diabetes after Surgery for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Yasak Tuğçe,Özkaya Özay,Ergan Şahin Ayça,Çolak Özlem 대한성형외과학회 2022 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.49 No.1

Background Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy. Studies have shown that results of CTS surgery are poorer in patients with diabetes. In this study, the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on nerve regeneration was investigated through clinical and electromyographic findings in patients with diabetes who underwent CTS surgery.Methods A retrospective analysis of 20 patients with diabetes who had surgically decompressed CTS was conducted. Patients were divided into two groups. The study group received PRP treatment following surgery. The control group did not receive any treatment. Patients were assessed using electromyography and the Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire preoperatively as well as postoperatively at 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year follow-ups visits.Results There was a decrease in complaints and an improvement in sensory and motor examinations in both groups. The Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire scores did not show any statistically significant differences between the two groups. However, electromyographic findings showed that there were statistical differences between preoperative and postoperative (3 months, 6 months, and 1 year) results in both groups. When the two groups were compared using preoperative and postoperative (3 months, 6 months, and 1 year) electromyographic values, no statistically significant differences were seen.Conclusion Single injections of PRP did not have a significant impact on median nerve regeneration following CTS surgery in patients with diabetes. The effectiveness of multiple PRP injections can be investigated in patients with diabetes in future studies.

Electromyographic and Clinical Investigation of the Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Patients with Diabetes after Surgery for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Yasak Tuğçe,Özkaya Özay,Ergan Şahin Ayça,Çolak Özlem 대한성형외과학회 2022 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.49 No.2

Background Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy. Studies have shown that results of CTS surgery are poorer in patients with diabetes. In this study, the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on nerve regeneration was investigated through clinical and electromyographic findings in patients with diabetes who underwent CTS surgery.Methods A retrospective analysis of 20 patients with diabetes who had surgically decompressed CTS was conducted. Patients were divided into two groups. The study group received PRP treatment following surgery. The control group did not receive any treatment. Patients were assessed using electromyography and the Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire preoperatively as well as postoperatively at 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year follow-ups visits.Results There was a decrease in complaints and an improvement in sensory and motor examinations in both groups. The Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire scores did not show any statistically significant differences between the two groups. However, electromyographic findings showed that there were statistical differences between preoperative and postoperative (3 months, 6 months, and 1 year) results in both groups. When the two groups were compared using preoperative and postoperative (3 months, 6 months, and 1 year) electromyographic values, no statistically significant differences were seen.Conclusion Single injections of PRP did not have a significant impact on median nerve regeneration following CTS surgery in patients with diabetes. The effectiveness of multiple PRP injections can be investigated in patients with diabetes in future studies.

Effect of simultaneous administration of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and anthrax vaccines on antibody response to FMD in sheep

Can Çokçalışkan,Pelin Tuncer Göktuna,Tunçer Türkoğlu,Ergün Uzunlu,Ceylan Gündüzalp,Eylem Aras Uzun,Beyhan Sareyyüpoğlu,Ayça Kürkçü,Veli Gülyaz 대한백신학회 2019 Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research Vol.8 No.2

Purpose: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and anthrax are important diseases in sheep. Vaccination is a favorable strategy against both infections. Simultaneous administration of vaccines does generally not impede the immune responses of each other, although there are some exceptions, and it may help reduce the labor and costs of vaccination as well as distress on animals. Although oil adjuvant FMD vaccine has been tried with live anthrax vaccine in cattle, there are no reports on the simultaneous use of both vaccines in sheep. Materials and Methods: In this study, FMD seronegative sheep were used to investigate the impact of the simultaneous vaccination of FMD and anthrax on FMD antibody titers of sheep. Virus neutralization test and liquid phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to determine the antibody response to the FMD vaccine. Results: The results demonstrated that both vaccines can be used simultaneously without any interference with the FMD response. Moreover, the simultaneous administration with anthrax vaccine had a stimulating effect on the early (day 7 post-vaccination) virus neutralization antibody response to the FMD vaccine. Conclusion: The simultaneous use of the FMD and anthrax vaccines did not hinder the response to the FMD vaccine in sheep.