국내 유통 중인 농산물의 중금속 함량 모니터링

김희연(Hee-Yun Kim),김재인(Jae-In Kim),김진철(Jin-Chul Kim),박지은(Ji-Eun Park),이경진(Kyung-Jin Lee),김성일(Sung-Il Kim),오재호(Jae-Ho Oh),장영미(Young-Mi Jang) 한국식품과학회 2009 한국식품과학회지 Vol.41 No.3

본 연구는 식품공전의 농산물 중금속 기준규격 설정으로 인한 사후 관리 차원에서 유통 중인 농산물 10품목에 대하여 중금속 함량을 조사하였다. 전국에서 유통 중인 다소비 농산물 쌀, 옥수수, 대두, 팥, 감자, 고구마, 배추, 무, 시금치, 파 421건을 2007년 4월부터 10월까지 구입하고 중금속 4종(As, Cd, Pb, Hg)을 수은 분석기 및 ICP-MS를 이용하여 분석하였다. 시료의 분해는 microwave법을 이용하였으며 분석 장비로 사용된 ICP-MS 및 수은분석기의 검출한계와 정량한계는 각각 0.002-0.025 μg/kg 및 0.023μg/kg로 높은 감도를 나타내었다. 10품목의 농산물에 대한 중금속 4종의 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 납의 평균값은 쌀 0.021, 옥수수 0.020, 대두 0.028, 팥 0.034, 고구마 0.025, 감자 0.021, 배추 0.019, 시금치 0.031, 파 0.021, 무 0.011 mg/kg으로 나타났고 카드뮴은 쌀 0.021, 옥수수 0.002, 대두 0.020, 팥 0.006, 고구마 0.008, 감자 0.011, 배추 0.007, 시금치 0.035, 파 0.006, 무 0.006mg/kg, 비소는 쌀 0.103, 옥수수 0.005, 대두 0.007, 팥 0.005, 고구마 0.005, 감자 0.004, 배추 0.007, 시금치 0.0152, 파 0.009, 무 0.006 mg/kg, 수은은 쌀 2.3, 옥수수 0.2, 대두 0.6, 팥 1.4, 고구마 0.1, 감자 0.3, 배추 0.5, 시금치 2.1, 파 0.5, 무 0.2 μg/kg의 결과를 보였다. 2006년에 설정된 기준규격에 대해 초과한 것은 한 건도 없었다. 또한 2005년 국민영양조사 결과보고서의 1일 섭취량을 근거로 FAO/WHO의 중금속 잠정주간섭취허용량과 비교하면 Pb, Cd 및 Hg은 각각 2.6, 8.7, 및 1.2% 수준으로 식이를 통한 안전에는 문제가 없는 것으로 판단된다. This survey was conducted as a surveillance program following the establishment of safety guidelines for agricultural products in Korea. Concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) were measured in 421 samples using a mercury analyzer or ICP-MS. The average levels of Pb in mg/kg were 0.021 for rice, 0.020 for corn, 0.028 for soybeans, 0.034 for red beans, 0.025 for sweet potatoes, 0.021 for potatoes, 0.019 for Chinese cabbage, 0.031 for spinach, 0.021 for Welsh onions, and 0.011 for radishes. The average levels of Cd in mg/kg were 0.021 for rice, 0.002 for corn, 0.020 for soybeans, 0.006 for red beans, 0.008 for sweet potatoes, 0.011 for potatoes, 0.007 for Chinese cabbage, 0.035 for spinach, 0.006 for Welsh onions, and, 0.006 for radishes. The average levels of As in mg/kg were 0.103 for rice, 0.005 for corn, 0.007 for soybeans, 0.005 for red beans, 0.005 for sweet potatoes, 0.004 for potatoes, 0.007 for Chinese cabbage, 0.015 for spinach, 0.009 for Welsh onions and, 0.006 for radishes. Finally, the average levels of Hg in μg/kg were 2.3 for rice, 0.2 for corn, 0.6 for soybeans, 1.4 for red beans, 0.1 for sweet potatoes, 0.3 for potatoes, 0.5 Chinese cabbage, 2.1 for spinach, 0.5 for Welsh onions, and 0.2 for radishes. Based on the Korean public nutrition report 2005, these levels (or amounts) are calculated only at 2.6% for Pb, 8.7% for Cd, 1.2% for Hg of those presented in provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) which has been established by FAO/WHO. Therefore, the levels presented here are presumed to be adequately safe.

식품 중 수단색소의 분석법에 관한 연구

김희연(Hee-Yun Kim),윤혜정(Hae-Jung Yoon),최장덕(Jang-Duk Choi),최우정(Woo-Jeong Choi),박선영(Sun-Yong Park),이경주(Kyoung-Joo Lee),김지혜(Ji-Hye Kim) 한국식품영양과학회 2004 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.33 No.3

본 연구는 식품 중 식품에 사용이 불가한 수단 1호, 2호, 3호 및 4호 등 4종의 유용성색소에 대한 안전성 확보 및 효율적 품질관리를 위해 박층크로마토그래피(TLC)와 고속액체 크로마토그래피(HPLC-PDA)를 이용한 정성, 정량분석법을 확립하고자 수행하였다. C18-silica를 사용하여 methanol : water(95 : 5)으로 전개하였을 때 수단색소들의 R_f 값은 0.27~0.59로 산출되었다. HPLC-PDA를 이용하여 water와 acetonitrile 용매를 사용하여 분석한 결과 20분내에 모두 분리되었으며 검량선의 농도 범위는 0.1~100.0 ㎍/mL으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 고춧가루, 김치 및 깍두기 등 식품을 대상으로 적용한 결과, 회수율은 고춧가루에서는 85.84~96.95%, 김치에서는 86.24~104.30%, 깍두기에서는 83.02~99.93%의 양호한 결과를 얻었으며, 검출한계는 수단 1호 및 2호는 0.01 ㎍/mL, 수단3호 및 4호는 0.02 ㎍/mL으로 나타났다. A simple, efficient and accurate method was developed for the simultaneous determination of non-permitted oil soluble colorants (sudan Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ) in foods. The identification has been carried out for sudan colorants by TLC as well as HPLC with photodiode array (PDA) detection. Separation of sudan colorants was achieved within 20 min by a gradient elution with water and acetonitrile as eluents. Sudan colorants showed good linear relationships in the range of 0.1~100 ㎍/mL. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curve for sudan colorants exceeded 0.999. The detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio 3 : 1) for sudan Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were 0.01, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.02 ㎍/mL, respectively. This method has been successfully applied to the analysis of red pepper powder, Kimchi and Kakdugi, and the average recoveries for real samples ranged from 83.02% to 104.3%.

시니어 여성의 패션스타일과 선호색 및 자기이미지에 따른 패션이미지 유형화

김희연(Hee Yeon Kim),한소원(So Won Hahn),홍윤정(Yun Jung Hong),김영인(Young In Kim) 한국복식학회 2014 服飾 Vol.64 No.3

The purpose of this study is to classify fashion images of senior women who have emerged as influential customers in the fashion industry. Characteristics of fashion images of senior women are identified by fashion style, preference color, and self-image. With the collected data, the Q group, consisting of Korean women who are in their 50s, was targeted using the Q methodology. The following factors were evaluated through in-depth interviews: fashion style, preference color and self-image. The fashion images of senior women were classified into the following 4 types: Characteristic modern, Reasonable basic, Comfortable contemporary, and Conservative elegance. Those classified fashion image types were influenced by the factors of nobleness, usefulness, personality, fashionableness, and youthfulness in accordance with fashion style, preference color, and self-image. The results of this study may provide basic information for fashion image planning for senior women and meaningful data for redefining and diversifying the concept of senior fashion brand which reflects the generation`s changed taste and lifestyle.

HPLC를 이용한 천연착색료인 치자황색소의 분석법 개발 및 시판 식품중 함유량조사

김희연(Hee-Yun Kim),김소희(So-Hee Kim),홍기형(Ki-Hyoung Hong),이철원(Chul-Won Lee),김길생(Kil-Saeng Kim),하상철(Sang-Chul Ha),조재선(Jae-Sun Jo) 한국식품과학회 1999 한국식품과학회지 Vol.31 No.4

식품 중 인공감미료의 분석법에 관한 연구

김희연(Hee-Yun Kim),윤혜정(Hae-Jung Yoon),홍기형(Ki-Hyung Hong),이창희(Chang-Hee Lee),박성관(Sung-Kwan Park),최장덕(Jang-Duck Choi),최우정(Woo-Jeong Choi),박선영(Sun-Young Park),김지혜(Ji-Hye Kim),이철원(Chul-Won Lee) 한국식품과학회 2004 한국식품과학회지 Vol.36 No.1

국내산 컴프리의 형태학적 특성 및 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids 분석

김희연(Hee-Yun Kim),홍진환(Jin-Hwan Hong),김동술(Dong-Sul Kim),한상배(Sang-Bae Han),이은주(Eun-Ju Lee),강길진(Kil-Jin Kang),정형욱(Hyung-Wook Chung),강신정(Shin-Jung Kang),홍영표(Young-Pyo Hong),안영순(Young-Sun An),육창수(Chang-Soo 한국식품영양과학회 2003 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.32 No.6

본 연구에서는 국내에서 재배되고 있는 컴프리의 형태학적 특성 및 pyrrolizidine alkaloids을 분석하기 위해서 수행되었다. 국내에서 채취한 12개 지역의 컴프리를 대상으로 형태학적인 연구를 실시한 결과 모두 한 종류의 Symphytum officinale임을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 이들 시료를 hot methanol과 ultra-sonification으로 추출하여 pyrrolizidine alkaloids 함유 여부를 확인하기 위하여 TLC 시험을 실시한 결과, 12개 시료의 컴프리는 o-chloranil과 Ehrlich's reagent의 발색시약이 pyrrolizidine alkaloids와 반응하여 특이적인 purple spot을 나타내었다. 그러나 치커리, 호박잎 및 깻잎을 사용하여 동일한 시험을 실시한 결과 purple spot이 관찰되지 않음을 알 수 있었다. HPLC 패턴을 분석 결과, 12개 시료의 컴프리는 retention time 30 부근에 특이적인 peak를 나타내었으나, 치커리, 호박잎 및 깻잎은 peak를 나타내지 않았다. 따라서 국내 재배중인 컴프리 12종은 형태학적 특성 및 pyrrolizidine alkaloids로 조사한 결과, S. officinale 종임을 확인할 수 있었다. This study was carried out to investigate the morphological properties and pyrrolizidine alkaloids of comfrey cultivating in Korea. 12 comfrey samples cultivating in Korea was selected and their appearance (whole plant, leaves, root etc.) were observed by expert and microscopy for morphological analysis. It is confirmed that their species are Symphytum officinale Linnaeus. Samples were extracted by hot MeOH and ultra-sonification. Their extracts contained pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which was identified by TLC analysis. By spraying thin-layer chromatograms of pyrrolizidine alkaloids stable purple spots were developed. But the extracts of chicory, pumpkin and sesame leaves did not show any purple spots. Same HPLC pattern were displayed at about 30 min of retention time by HPLC analysis for comfreys. However, the extracts of chicory, pumpkin and sesame leaves did not show peaks at one and the same time.

식품 중 프로필렌글리콜의 분석법 개발

김희연(Hee-Yun Kim),홍기형(Ki-Hyoung Hong),최장덕(Jang-Duck Choi),박성관(Sung-Kwan Park),정시섭(Si-Sub Jung),최우정(Woo-Jeong Choi),이신호(Shin-Ho Lee),문동철(Dong-Chul Moon) 한국식품과학회 2005 한국식품과학회지 Vol.37 No.6

경인지역 유통식품 중 타르색소 실태 조사

김희연(Hee-Yun Kim),남혜선(Hye-Seon Nam),정용현(Yong-Hyun Jung),이진하(Jin-Ha Lee),하상철(Sang-Chul Ha) 한국식품과학회 2008 한국식품과학회지 Vol.40 No.3

경인지역내 초등학교 주변에 유통되고 있는 어린이 기호식품 총 6종 439개를 대상으로 국내허용 타르색소 9종의 사용실태를 분석한 결과, 어린이 기호식품에서 사용빈도가 높은 색소는 황색 제4호, 청색제1호, 적색제40호, 황색제5호 순으로 나타났다. 껌, 빙과류, 청량음료, 건과류는 단일 또는 두 가지의 타르색소를 사용하였으며, 캔디류와 초코릿류는 주로 2-3가지의 색소를 혼용하여 사용하였다. 타르색소의 검출농도 범위는 캔디류 0.11-1169.58 ㎎/㎏, 초코릿류 0.73-468.02 ㎎/㎏, 껌 0.10-602.46 ㎎/㎏, 빙과류 0.25-162.32 ㎎/㎏, 건과류 0.11-753.68 ㎎/㎏, 청량음료 0.21-69.45㎎/㎏으로 나타났다. 검출농도가 50.0 ㎎/㎏ 이하에는 71.2%가 분포하였으나, 300.1 ㎎/㎏ 이상 검출된 것도 1.5%였다. 초콜릿과 껌에서의 타르색소 평균함량이 높았고, 청량음료와 빙과류에서는 낮았다. 황색 제4호와 황색 제5호의 평균함량이 다른 색소보다 높았다. 7-12세 아동의 각 식품에 대한 총 EDI는 0.004-1.017㎎/day/person이었고, 각 타르색소의 총 EDI는 0.04-3.98 ㎎/day/person이었으며, 색소의 총 ADI에 대한 총 EDI의 비율은 0.02-5.98%이었다. In Korean, nine tar colors are permitted in foods. This study assessed these compounds in the favorite food items of children found near elementary schools. A total of 439 items categorized under six food types were included in the analysis. The most frequently detected tar colors were tartrazine (Y4), Brilliant Blue FCF (Y5), Allura Red, and Sunset Yellow FCF, respectively. One or a mixture of two tar colors were commonly found in products such as gums, ice bars, soft drinks, and cereals. However, most often, combinations of two or three tar colors were detected. The levels of tar colors in candies, chocolates, gums, ice bars, cereals, and soft drinks were 0.11-1169.58 ㎎/㎏, 0.73-468.02 ㎎/㎏, 0.10-602.46 ㎎/㎏, 0.25-162.32 ㎎/㎏, 0.11-753.68 ㎎/㎏, and 0.21-69.45 ㎎/㎏, respectively. Tar color levels were higher in chocolates and gums than in soft drinks and ice bars. And Y4 and Y5 were detected at the highest levels. For ages 7-12, the total estimated daily intake (ΣEDI) of each tar color ranged from 0.004 to 1.017 ㎎/day/person. These values were 0.02-5.98% of the FAO/WHO’s acceptable daily intake (ADI).

한국판 상태-특성 분노표현척도를 이용한 한국 청소년의 분노 평가 및 우울과의 관계

김희연(Hee-Yun Kim),이명훈(Myung-Hoon Lee),배재남(Jae-Nam Bae),김철응(Chul-Eung Kim),유희정(Hee Jeong Yoo),이정섭(Jeong-Seop Lee) 대한소아청소년정신의학회 2015 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.26 No.4

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to assess anger of middle school adolescents in an urban community using State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI)-Korean and Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), and to determine whether specific anger expression of adolescents is associated with certain psychopathology including depression. Methods:Data were collected from 395 middle school students and their parents in Incheon city. The students completed the STAXI, Children’s Depression Inventory, Korean version of Mood disorder Questionnaire, and Conners-Wells’ Adolescent Self-Report Scale (Short Form), and their parents completed the K-CBCL. Results:No significant correlation was observed between aggression subscale K-CBCL and each scale of the STAXI, except anger out (r=0.704). The scores for STAXI total and respective scales were significantly higher for female students than male students. A stepwise logistic regression model was used to explore the possible predictors for depression in adolescents and lower anger control and higher anger suppression were found to be predictors for depression in adolescence. Conclusion:There is a possibility of a large discrepancy between anger that the adolescents actually feel and parents’ judgment of their children’s anger. It must be considered in assessment of adolescent anger and use of further structured interviews is necessary. In addition, it may be useful to consider the anger expression style in adolescents who report depressive symptoms.

국내 유통 식품의 잔류동물용의약품 모니터링

김희연(Hee Yun Kim),정소영(So Young Chung),최선희(Sun Hee Choi),이진숙(Jin Sook Lee),최인선(In Sun Choi),조민자(Min Ja Cho),신민수(Min Su Shin),송재상(Jae Sang Song),최재천(Jae Chun Choi),박희옥(Hee-Ok Park),하상철(Sang-Chul Ha),신일식( 한국식품과학회 2010 한국식품과학회지 Vol.42 No.6

알(卵)류 및 축·수산물 321건에 대하여 엔로플록사신, 시프로플록사신, 노르플록사신, 아목시실린, 암피실린, 옥소린산 및 옥시테트라싸이클린, 테트라싸이클린, 클로르테트라싸이클린 및 독시싸이클린에 대한 모니터링을 실시한 결과 총 300건(93.5%)은 조사대상 동물용의약품이 불검출되었으며 검출된 21건(6.5%)의 시료 대부분은 현재 식품공전의 잔류허용기준 이하로 안전한 것으로 나타났다. This study was conducted to monitor residues of 10 veterinary drugs in food products. Various veterinary drugs were examined including enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, oxolinic acid, amoxicillin, ampicillin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline in beef, pork, egg, chicken, eel, flatfish, and rockfish obtained from 6 different regions (Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Gwangju, Daegu, Busan). Residues were detected in 21 (6.5%) samples out of 321 samples. In particular, 2 (1.0%) livestock samples had detected residues among 203 products, and 19 (16.1%) aquaculture samples had residues detected among 118 products. The most frequently detected drug residues in aquaculture products were oxytetracycline and amoxicillin, but the levels were mostly below the MRL (Maximum Residue Limit). In only one flatfish sample, amoxicillin was found at a level higher than the MRL (0.05 mg/kg). In livestock products, residues of most veterinary drugs were not detected. But enrofloxacin was detected in 2 chicken (Korean name: Ogolgae) samples at a higher level than the MRL (0.1 mg/kg as the sum of ciprofloxacin).