로인회(老人會)를 통(通)한 가족계획사업(家族計劃事業) 기초조사연구(基礎調査硏究)

김초강 ( Cho Kang Kim ),정혜경 ( Hae Kyung Chung ) 이화여자대학교 동작과학연구소 1987 이화체육논집 Vol.1 No.-

The purpose of the study was to provide the basic data for developing educational program and material before the initiation of UNFP A Sponsored Family Planning Demonstration project through Elderly Associations, which is intended to alleviate or get rid of a son-preference tendency and to establish a small family norm. The survey wIth questionnaire was conducted from August 27 to September 25, 1986. The respondents were divided into two groups: they are 513 female aged persons(hereafter referred to as aged) who are attending Elderly School and 549 eligible women aged between 15 to 49 (hereafter referred to as women) who have lived or are living with parents. Following results were obtained. A. Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents 1. Age distribution of the aged were 60+ age group, 54,2%, 70+ age group, 38.4% and 80+ age group, 7.4%, respectively. Age distribution of women were 25-29 age group, 38.3% and 30-34 age group, 33.9/ in order. 2. Educationalle,vel of aged, primary school or less was 94.2% and of women, middle school 37.0%, high school 35.7% in order. 3. 94 percent of the aged were married under 19. Average age at first marriage for women was 23.6. 4. According to aged respondents, 51.7% of them are living with the eldest son, and 17 .2% of them with other son. And according to women respondents, 54.6% of them are living with parents-inlaw and only 0.5% with their own parents Home management was done by younger generation as a whole, but they asked consultation of the parents before decision-making. Relation between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law was proven to be positive. 5. Pregnancy history, for aged, average age at first birth was 22.1; average age at last birth was 36.6; total number of pregnancy was 6.12; total number of normal delivery was 5.65; total number of living children was 3.94; total number of pregnancy wastage was 0.46; total number of children died was 1.7; Birth interval was 2.37. Main cause of pregnancy wastage was spontaneous abortion. For women, average age at first birth was 24.1, and average age at last birth was 27.7. Maincause of the pregnancy wastage was induced abortion. B. Child nonn and sex preference 2. For aged, average ideal number of children was 2.78 and average number of children expected was 2.36. For womon both were 2.0. It suggested that small family norm be established among younger g,eneration. 2. For aged, son preference tendency was stronger in more aged and less educated group and much stronger i;tl the group who are living with the eldest son. Even 40% of the women admitted the necessity of son. 3. Reason for son preference were; for aged, r continuance of familY j ,rhappiness and harmony of family j and r security when aged J in order. And for women, r succession of family namej, r ritual after deathj and r care when agedj in order. 4. Number and son preference tendency was stronger in aged group than young couples, which is matter of course. But 72.7% of the women responded that fertility behavior should decided for themselves, even their parents-in-law forced them. Daughter-in-law of eldest son responded that they would follow what their parents said. In this case, their fertility behavior may be more influenced by the aged parents. C. Status of the family planning pra``tice 1. Among the aged, only 8% of them have experienced contraceptive methods which were oral-pill and IUD. Among the women, 76.2% have experienced contraception and 62.5% are practising at present. Methods using were tubaligation, IUD, condom and oral pill in order . . 2. Satisfaction level of the presently practising women on their methods were; satisfactory, 60.1 % and dissatisfactory, 13.4%, etc. The reasons for dissatisfaction were side-effects in case of oral pill and IUD and pregnancy by failure of contraception in case of condom. 3. For wometl using temporary methods, 38.6% of tnem responded to "continue present method", and 47.7% of them "would change present method." 4. Contraception failure rate was 13.8%. 5. Reasons for not having experienced contraception were "not necessary temporarily", 26%, "Don``t know how to use contraception", 16.8% and natural infertility, 8.4% in order. D. Attitude toward life in Elderly School 54.8 % of the aged responded that life in Elderly School was "very interesting" and 41.3%, "So and so." Even aged who received population or family planning education still expressed their interest in. the educational program. 72.2% of the aged who have never taken such course responded that they wanted to receive the course. Though it was not comparable since there is no precedent research work on the effect of the value of the aged on the fertility behavior of their daughter-in-law or daughter, the study results showed that the eldest daughters-in-law are still influenced by the large family norm of the aged parents. Thus it was suggested that it would be useful to open a population and family planining course at elderly school in order to utilize the aged person as family planning media.

장애아를 가진 一部 母性의 임신기왕력에 대한 연구

김초강(Cho Kang Kim) 한국보건교육건강증진학회 1986 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.3 No.1

국민건강증진을 위한 보건교육 전문인력 활용방안

김명(Kim Myung),김영복(Kim Young-bok),김초강(Kim Cho-kang) 한국보건교육건강증진학회 1999 보건교육·건강증진학회 세미나 및 기타간행물 Vol.- No.-

한국인구(韓國人口)의 노령화(老齡化) 특징(特徵)

공세권 ( Sae-kwon Kong ),김초강 ( Cho-kang Kim ) 한국보건사회연구원 1987 保健社會硏究 Vol.7 No.2

Aging trend is the inevitable phenomenon as a result of population transition. Rapid change of population (decline of fertility and mortality) of Korea in this century predicts the expansion of aging trend. It is obvious that today`s young generation in their under 40s will live in the future aging society. Aging society demands welfare services for the growing aged population, which both family and society should prepare and carry out. Particularly,aging society is composed of the female aged with more than 60 percent of total due to longer life expectancy of female, thus requiring complicated facets of welfare policy focused on the provision for life. Therefore provisions should be prepared for establishing the welfare system at a long-term dimension with an appropriate direction predicting the future condition.

韓國人의 死亡構造 變化에 대한 考察

劉林淑(Im Sook You),金初江(Cho Kang Kim),孔世權(Sae Kwon Kong) 한국인구학회 1986 한국인구학 Vol.9 No.2

Death is one of the population movement phenomena used as an important health index in most society. Especially it is regarded as group phenomenon in a specific group rather than individual one and considered important in public health field because the level and cause of death is related to health of public. The auther examined the changes of the Korean mortality pattern to evaluate the status of the Korean public health by studying mortality indicator using the population census and other materials from 1930 to 1980. The results are as follows: First, the Korean crude death rate was reduced to one third in 1980 compared to that in 1930, but the crude birth rate was constant from 1930 to 1960 causing the increase of population. So the populasion pattern is changing from the classic pyramic shape to bell shape and the dependency ratio was reduced from 78 in 1930 to 61 in 1980. Second, the infant mortality rate decreased rapidly. In 1980 it was one seventh of that in 1930 which was proved by the change of the age-specific death rate curve from U to J shape. Third, the male mortality reduction after the age of forty was much less than that of female, which explained the specific death pattern of high mortality in Korean middle and oldaged males. Fourth, the main cause of death was changed from infectious, parasitic, respiratory and digestive system disease to circulatory or tumorous diseases. Considering the above results, Korean health problem is now changing from the infant infection to geriatric chronic regressive disease. That naturally the direction of health service should be turned from the infant stage for meternal and child health to the health problems of old people.

초등학교 영양교육실태에 관한 조사 연구 : 서울 시내 일부 초등학교 교사를 중심으로

서은나(Suh Eun Na),김초강(Kim Cho Kang) 韓國營養學會 1998 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.31 No.4

한국 인구구조의 변화에 관한 분석- 1955년~2020년-

李云英,金初江 韓國保健敎育學會 1989 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.6 No.2

This study analyzes the structural characteristics of rapid changes in Korean population, using the data of a census and other data on the changes in the population. Major findings are : 1. During 1950∼1955, annual increase rate of population was about 1.02%, about 2.88% during 1955∼1960, and 1.36% during 1980∼1985. It is expected to decrease to 0.07% during 2015∼2020. 2. Major Age Composition 0∼14 is expected to reduce to 16.5% in 2020 from 41.2% in 1955, while the ratio of population aged 15∼64 is expected to increase to 72.1% from 55.5%. Furthermore, for the population group of age 65 and over is expected to increase from a mere 3.3% to 11.4%. 3. The aging index of population is expected to increase to 69.5 in 2020 from 8.0 in 1955 and so the old dependency ratio is expected to 15.9 from 6.0 4. The median age is expected to 40.2 in 2020 from 19.0 in 1955. 5. In 2020 the child-woman ratio is expected to reduce to 22.3 from 64.7 in 1955. 6. In 2020 the age index of 0∼4 is expected to 57.4 from 169.4 in 1955, and the age index of 65∼69 to 261.7 from 95.6 on the contrary.

유방암 자가검진에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구 : 건강신념 모형을 중심으로

김미경,김초강 韓國保健敎育學會 1990 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The purpose of this to identify the main factors influencing breast cancer self-examination, a preventive health behavior, thereby increasing self-examination compliance for early detection of the disease. The data on which this study was based were collected from a survey of 601 ladies, aged 20-59 years and residing in Seoul, employing such methods as X²-test, ANOVA, t-test, F-test, Person's Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The resulting conclusions are as follows ; 1. Discrepancies in self-examination compliance rate are found in accordance with the differences of general characters of the surveyed persons. For instance, those who are well educated and better off are better compliers than those who are not (p< 0.001), and those around whom breast cancer patients are better ones than who are not (p< 0.01). 2. Self-examination compliers have higher health belief than non-compliers. Compliers have more knowledge in health and have higher susceptibility, barriers and health concern (p< 0.001), and higher benefits (p< 0.01), and higher seriousness (p< 0.05) than non-compliers. 3. Whereas those who have loftier health belief show higher compliance rate (p< 0.001), seriousness turned out to have no correlationship with self-examination compliance. 4. Stepwise Multiple Regression portray that following factors influence self-examination compliance in arder named. (1) barriers (2) susceptibility, (3) health concern, (4) age, (5) benefits, (6) education level. Even so it, turned out that these factors alone can explain only 20% of self-examination compliance. Therefore study for the other factors ought to be continued. I submit following suggestions ending this study. 1. Since breast cancer self-examination is an essential health behavior needed for early detection of the disease, efficient and proper health education program eyed for regular and periodic self-examination is required to be developed, thus reducing the deaths and pains caused by the disease. 2. Proper policies of the goverment for the prevention of breast cancer is strongly urged to be formed in concrete manner. 3. Continuous study of the other factors affecting self-examination compliance must be carried on.

중년 여성의 갱년기 증상과 자기건강관리 (Self-Care)와 관련성 조사연구

김희은,김초강 韓國保健敎育學會 1993 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.10 No.1

The purpose of this study is to find out the menopausal symptom of middle-aged women and their self-care on it. This study also intended to awaken the relationship of the menopausal symptom and self-care and to provide basic data on the health education of middle-aged women. For this purpose, the study (1) identified respondents background variables, (2) found menopausal symptom and the state of self-care, (3) analyzed relationship between general character, menopausal symptom, and self-care, (4) analyzed the relationship of menopausal symptom and self-care for 543 random sampled women in City of Incheon. The questionnaire consisted of 25 questions on the menopausal symptom interview by Neugarton translated by Jung Hae Ran(1985) and questions of the self-care inventory by Orem reconstructed by Sung Moon Hee(1988). The data were analyzed by using frequency, percentage, t-test, X²-test, pearson's correlation coefficient with SPSS statistical package. The results of this study could be summed up as follows ; 1. The Degree menopausal symptom were graded from 25 to 75.(??40.85, s.d.8. 6.) 2. The test of relationship between the individual background and the menopausal symptom revealed that there seemed to be statistically significant correlation between the sexual life, life-content, the level of education, menstruation(p<0.000). 3. In the test of relationship between the individual background and the self-care process, (1) in case of insight of symptom, there seemed to be statistically significant correlation between the self-content(r=0.1463), sexual life(r=-0.1376),menstruation(r=0.1561),and artificial abortion(r=0.1577),(p<0.001),(2)In case of self-health control, there seemed to be statistical correlation between the states of menstruation and the number of induced abortion. (3)In case of self-health decision, there seemed to be statistically significant correlation between the number of visiting hospitals or clinics and the level of education(r=0.106), the self-content(r=0.1235), induced abortion(r=0.1343)(p<0.0000). And also individual background can show the 40.21 percent of self-health maintenance. 4. The relationship between menopausal symptom and self-care has a significant meaning to the insight of symptom, self-health decision according to the groups of menopausal symptom(p<0.000),but it doesn't have any meaning to self-health control. And self-health maintenance can manifest the 19.88 percent of menopausal symptom.

일부 여대생의 비만수준 및 체중조절행태가 스트레스에 미치는 영향

조선진,김초강 韓國保健敎育學會 1997 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.14 No.2

Recently obesity which had not been at issue very much before comes to the fore as an important health problem. But women frequently attempt excessive weight controls not to cure obesity but to fit false norms of women's appearances. Both these trends and tendencies of perceiving themselves to be fatter than what they are work as a kind of stressor which impose psychological burden on most women, and finally threaten their mental health. In this point, the purpose of this study was to analize the factors having an effect on women's weight-related stress. This study included a survey and obese level measurement of a systematic random samples of 431 E. University senior students for 17 days (from 13 May 1996 to 29 May 1996). As results, obese level, especially the subject's evaluation for her obese level, history of weight control, and strong weigh control beliefs that the success depends on herself influenced stress.