클럽 샤프트(Club Shaft) 특성에 따른 골프 스윙(Golf Swing)동작 분석

김성일,김기형,김형수,이현섭,김진욱,안찬규,김희진 한국운동역학회 2002 한국운동역학회지 Vol.12 No.2

본 연구는 클럽 샤프트의 대표적인 재질인 그라파이트(graphite)의 유연한(flexible) 클럽 샤프트(club shaft)의 특성에 따라 피험자가 운동학적(kinematics) 요인이 되는 관절의 각변위, 각속도, 각가속도, 클럽헤드의 속도와 가속도와 같은 변인들이 어떻게 적응하는지 비교 분석하여 보다 효율적인 드라이버 선택에 도움을 주며 샤프트 특성에 따른 신체관절의 움직임에 대한 자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 고속 카메라 2대의 속도는 500fps로 하였고 각 regylar,stiff, x-stiff, 자신의 클럽을 포함 각 4개의 클럽을 사용하여 각 클럽당 3번씩 촬영하였으며 목표방향에서 20m이상 벗어나는 경우의 촬영은 다시 촬영하였다. 본 연구에서는 디지타이징(digitizing)을 신체 9개 마커는 강체로 가정된 클럽과 신체분절 모델로 정의하였으며 2 대의 카메라(500fps)로부터 얻은 avi화일을 컴퓨터에 저장하고 자료로부터 Butterworth 6th order recursive digital filter를 사용하여 1차 자료를 smoothing 하고 DLT를 이용하여 3차원 좌표를 구성하도록 한다. 좌표값을 얻기 위하여 kwon3d v3.0을 이용하였다. 본 실험은 피험자 스스로 클럽의 특성에 따라 스윙의 속도를 달리 하기 때문에 스윙의 시간이 달라지며 어느 정도 클럽이 강성에 따라 스윙시간이 빨라지는 결과로 나타났다. 이것은 피험자가 샤프트가 강성(stiffness)에 따라 스윙 속도를 빨리 하게 되는 원인이 되는 것으로 생각된다. 어깨의 각변위는 클럽이 regular의 경우 임팩트에서 각속도를 계속 유지하고 있으며 stiff, x-stiff의 경우에는 어깨의 움직임이 임팩트에서 급격하게 감소되는 것을 알 수 있다. 이것은 팔의 동작과 클럽의 힘을 크게 하기 위한 동작으로 생각된다. 어깨 각속도는 클럽이 stiff할수록 각속도가 큰 감속하는 것으로 나타났다. 손목속도는 regular 클럽의 경우 손목의 감속이 늦게 되고 임팩트에서 손목의 감속이 적게 하는 것으로 나타났으며 stiff와 x-stiff의 클럽에서 임팩트 시에 순간적인 감가속으로 인해 클럽의 속도를 증가시키고 있다. 임팩트 시에 손목의 감가속은 클럽헤드의 임팩트 시 속도를 증가시키는 결과를 보였다. 클럽헤드는 regular 클럽이 임팩트전에는 속도 증가가 커지는 결과와 일치된 결과를 보이고 있다. The purpose of this study was to find the rational method to analyze golf swing with specific property of club shaft. Three subjects were filmed by two high speed digital cameras with 500fps. The phase analyzed was downswing of each subject. The three-dimensional coordinates of the anatomical landmarks were obtained with motion analysis system Kwon3d 3.0 version and smoothed by lowpass digital filter with cutoff frequency 6Hz. From these data, kinematic and kinetic variables were calculated using Matlab(ver 5.0) The variables for this study were angular velocity and accelerations, which were calculated and following conclusions have been made : 1) Golf swing time of stiff club is faster than that of regular club. 2) In shoulder joint motion of swing with the stiff club, x-stiff showed mort rapid negative acceleration than that of regular club. 3) In regular club, the velocity of club head would be more effective velocity, which was increasing, than those of other clubs before impact. 4) In wrist joint motion of swing with stiff club, x-stiff club showed faster than regular club in the downswing and impact more rapid negative acceleration.

인체동작분석시 Wavelet변환을 이용한 영상자료의 보간 및 분석

김기형,김민기,유경석,김희영 한국운동역학회 1997 한국운동역학회지 Vol.7 No.1

Inputting data of human motion analysis means signal processing of changes in linear time dependent spatial coordinates of anatomical landmarks. Commercial CCD camera appears to be sampling 30 fps imposing limitation for human motion analysis which needs at least 60 fps. For the interpolation 60 fps fast algorithm of inverse wavelet transformation (IWT) was utilized producing 60 fps out of normal 30 fps. The original data from free fall and cycling motion of lower extremity were used to test the applicabiility of wavelet interpolation to human motion analysis. The test results showed linear relationship between two data sets. In the test of free fall, data curves of two sets, theoretical 30 frame data and 60 frame data after inverse wavelet transformation, appeared to be almost identical. Regression analysis of free fall test showed R^2 = 0.99 meaning Y = IWT. In the test with cycling motion of lower extremity % cycle of maximum flexion and extension at the joints was compared between two data sets showing same result, as in free fall test.

동작 분석 시스템의 구현 I : 자동 마커 추적 시스템을 중심으로

김형수,김기형 한국운동역학회 1999 한국운동역학회지 Vol.9 No.1

The purpose of this study was to make one step forward to construct a motion analysis system that was composed of relatively simple and low priced hardwares and had the enhanced utilities using standard image file format. The static and dynamic accuracy of the system were tested in the study, and the results were as follows: 1. This system could generate BMP files through stored images on PC memory acquired at 30fps sampling rate. 2. The elapsed time to detect and track a marker was about 0.03 second. And it was confirmed that the processing time was shorter then the other commercial system. 3. As a result of verifyng the static accuracy of the system, the percent error was 0.4805% and the standard deviation was 0. So it was confirmed that the static accuracy and precision of the system was very high. 4. As a result of verifying the dynamic accuracy of the system, the percent error showed 1.1170% and the value of R^2 was 1.0000. So it was confirmed that the dynamic accuracy and precision of the system was very high.

볼링운동이 정신지체학생의 보행 형태와 자세에 미치는 영향

김기형,최윤희,김희진,최영진,이재수 한국특수체육학회 2003 한국특수체육학회지 Vol.11 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bowling exercises on gait pattern and posture students with mental retardation and social interaction with students without disabilities. The videography method was used to obtain kinematical variables of gait pattern for pre & post tests of bowling exercises. The posture of students with mental retardation and interaction with students without disabilities were recorded onto video tapes. Analyzing the recorded data from all experiments led to the following conclusions: irregular gait pattern and posture of the students with mental retardation can be corrected or improved substantially through bowling exercises. And the inclusive exercises program with students without disabilities can show the model appropriate behavior, encourage social interaction, and promote positive self-esteem to the students with mental retardation.

보행동작의 운동역학적 분석방법 연구

김성일,이성한,김명화,김기형,김상겸,유경석 고려대학교 스포츠과학연구소 1992 스포츠科學論叢 Vol.2 No.1

In general, the segment of human body moves(rotates) about its joint center by the elastic energy stored at the connecting element, such as, tendon, induced by muscle contraction. Various biomechanical methods have been conducted in the quest for finding the muscle contraction force and its moment at the joint, which can not be measured, directly. The muscle force and moment can be found utilizing inverse dynamics. In this study, the Lagrange energy method was employed applying kinetic and potential energy changes at the center of mass of the model segment during swing phase in normal gait pattern. A mathematical model needed to analyze this phase was developed, theoretically. The physical model was composed of the right shank and the right foot considering as a rigid body segment hinged at the knee joint. Two dimensional analysis using cinematography was used. The raw data was smoothed by the Butterworth digital filter(Winter, 1979). A computer program was developed in order to calculate forces at the joint by coding three Lagrange equations for each independent generalized coordinates. It was found that the smooth contact of the leading foot at the end of the swing phase was made for both subjects. The result confirmed that the Lagrange equation incoperation with the physical model be systematically sound for this kind of study. The extension of the study will be to include more segments into the physical model, so as to improve the proposed approach.

Image Data Interpolation for Human Motion Analysis Using Wavelet Transformation

( Ky Hyoung Kim ),( Min Gi Kim ),( Kyoung Sug Yoo ),( Hee Young Kim ) 한국운동역학회 2005 한국운동역학회 논문 영문초록집 Vol.2005 No.-

대학 운동선수의 지각된 자율성 지지와 기본욕구 및 동기적 성향간의 구조모형 검증

김기형 ( Ky Hyoung Kim ),박중길 ( Jung Gil Park ) 한국스포츠심리학회 2009 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.20 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 Amorose와 Anderson-Butcher(2007)의 가설적 모형에 근거하여 대학 운동선수들이 지각하는 자율성 지지와 기본 심리적 욕구 및 동기적 성향 간의 구조적 관계를 검증하는 것이다. 수도권 대학 남자 운동선수 315명이 지각된 자율성 지지, 기본 심리적 욕구 및 동기적 성향을 측정하는 척도에 응답하였다. 자료는 SPSS 15.0과 AMOS 7.0에 의한 기술통계, 상관분석 및 공분산구조분석을 통하여 분석되었다. 연구 결과 지각된 자율성 지지는 운동선수들의 관계성, 자율성과 유능성을 유의하게 예측하였고, 각각의 기본욕구는 선수들의 동기적 성향을 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 공분산구조 모형의 검증에서 지각된 자율성 지지가 세 가지 기본욕구 수준의 매개 효과를 통해 동기적 성향에 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설적 모형은 적절한 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 본 결과는 자기결정성 이론을 뒷받침하며, 코치들의 선수에 대한 자율성 지지 행동과 관련된 시사점에 대하여 논의되었다. The purpose of this study was to test a structural relationship between perceived autonomy-supportive coaching, basic psychological needs, and motivational orientations among collegiate athletes, which was based on hypothesized model by Amorose and Anderson-Butcher(2007). 315 male college athletes completed questionnaires assessing perceived autonomy support, competence, autonomy, relatedness, and motivational orientations. Using SPSS 15.0 and AMOS 7.0 statistical packages, data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlational analysis, and structural equation modeling analysis. Results indicated that a perceived autonomy support significantly predicted college athletes` relatedness, autonomy, and competence, which each predicted their motivational orientations. Structural equation modeling analysis supported a model which a perceived autonomy support positively impacted hypothesized mediating variables of three basic needs to foster self-determined motivation. In conclusion, the results of the study support self-determination theory and were discussed with implication regarding to autonomy-supportive coaching behaviors perceived by athletes.

대학 운동부 선수의 학업수행을 위한 교육과정 적용과 효과 탐색: 사례연구

김기형 ( Ky Hyoung Kim ),박중길 ( Jung Gil Park ) 한국스포츠심리학회 2009 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.20 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 대학 운동선수의 학업수행을 위한 교육과정 적용과 그 효과를 탐색하고, 적용과정에서 나타나는 다양한 문제점을 파악하여 보다 효율적인 운영방안과 시사점을 제안하는 것이다. 고려대학교 1학년 운동부 선수 60명(남자 55명, 여자 5명)이 참여하여 스포츠 학습환경과 운동선수 만족, 수업참여 의도 검사지와 개방형 질문지 응답하였다. 자료분석은 탐색적 요인분석, 대응표본 t-검증, 귀납적 내용분석이 이용되었다. 측정변인별 두 측정시점 간의 평균 차이를 검증한 결과, 스포츠 학습환경에서는 자기관여와 실수, 코치-선수의 의사소통, 노력/규칙 및 관계 요인, 운동선수의 만족에서는 예산과 학업적 지원, 그리고 수업참여 의도가 사전에 비해 사후에 유의하게 증가하였다. 교육과정 적용에 따른 혜택은 지식과 사고, 대인관계 및 진로탐색 기회 제공, 수업참여 방행요인은 피로, 수업분위기, 연습과 경기출전, 효과적인 학사운영을 위한 개선사항은 수업환경, 교육과정 확대, 수업내용과 과제, 수업시간과 관리, 그리고 학업적 지원 시스템은 전담교수제 도입, 학업/진로 상담실 및 수업불참자를 위한 별도의 프로그램 운영 순으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects throughout the application of curriculum for collegiate athletes` academic performance and to suggest several devices for efficient academic administration. Sixty athletes(male 55, female 5), freshmen at Korea University responded to Sport Class Environment Scale, Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire, Learning Intention, and an open-ended questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis, paired sample t-test, frequency analysis, and inductive content analysis were utilized for analyzing data. The results of t-test by measurement variable indicated that there were significant increase in self involvement and mistake, coach-athlete communication, effort/order, and affiliation in sport class environment, budget and academic support in athlete satisfaction, and learning intention compared with pre-test. Recognized knowledge and thinking expansion, relationship, and opportunity for career groping as beneficial aspects of learning, athletes considered fatigue, class climates, practice and game participation as significant obstructors hindering their class participation and required to arrange or operate academic support systems such as exclusive teaching staff, counselling room for learning and career education, specific program for non-attendants in class.

건강행동과정접근(HAPA) 모델을 이용한 성인들의 신체활동 변화 예측

김기형 ( Ky Hyoung Kim ),박중길 ( Jung Gill Park ) 한국스포츠심리학회 2016 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.27 No.1

Purpose: This study tested the health action process approach (HAPA) as a motivational model for physical activity in a longitudinal sample of 483 adults (275 males, 208 females) over a 10 week period. Methods: Participants`` action self-efficacy, decision balance for exercise, perceived risk awareness and intention were measured at baseline (Time 1). Maintenance self-efficacy, action planning and action control were measured 5 weeks later (Time 2). Physical activity behavior was measured 10 weeks after baseline (Time 3). Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the HAPA model. Results: The first model showed that intention was a significant predictor of physical activity behavior. The second model, which included the volitional components of the HAPA model, did significantly increased the proportion of behavior explained. The third model showed that intention, maintenance self-efficacy and action control were positive predictors of physical activity behavior. Conclusion: Findings suggest that HAPA provides a useful framework for identifying determinants of physical activity intention and behavior within a group of middle-aged adults.

대학운동선수의 사고양식과 목표성향이 내,외적 동기에 미치는 효과

김기형 ( Ky Hyoung Kim ),박중길 ( Jung Gil Park ) 한국스포츠심리학회 2008 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.19 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 정신자치제 이론에 근거하여 Sternber(1994)가 제안한 사고양식과 목표성향이 대학운동선수의 내·외적 동기에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 검증하는 것이었다. 대학 운동부 소속 277명의 선수들을 대상으로 사고양식, 스포츠 목표성향, 스포츠 참여동기의 검사를 실시하였다. 모든 자료는 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰성 검증, 기술통계, 적률상관 및 정준상관분석, 단계적 및 위계적 다중회귀분석을 통해 분석되었으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 선수들은 자유적, 입범적, 군주제, 외부적, 행정적 사고양식이, 자아성향보다 과제성향이, 외적동기보다는 내적동기 수준이 더 높고 개인적 특성에 따라 부분적으로 차이를 보였다. (2) 사고양식은 운동기를 제외한 내외적동기와 유의한 정적상관을 보였으며 목표성향은 내외적동기와 정적/부적으로 매우 높은 관계를 보였다. (3) 선수들의 내외적 동기에 대한 개인변인과 사고양식의 효과는 Tvoe I과 운동경력이, 개인변인과 목표성향의 효과는 과제성향만이 각각 전체 변량의 24%, 19%를 설명하였으며, 내외적 동기에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타난 예측변인군의 주효과는 과제성향과 Tvoe III가 전체빈량의 27%를 설명하였다. (4) 운동경력에 따른 사고 양식과 목표성향의 상호작용효과는 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 이 결과는 과제 성향추구와 Tvoe III 선호경향성이 대학운동선수의 동기 수준을 가장 잘 예측하는 변인임을 시사한다. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of thinking styles and goal orientation on college sthleters` intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. A total of 277 players who belong to university sthletic teams responded to a set of questionnaines measuring personal thinking styles, goal orientation and motivation. Analytic tools were exploratory factor analysis, reliability test frequency, correlation analysis multiple negression analysis. The results of the study were as follows. First, there were significant differences by all personal variables partially in thinking styles, goal orientation and motivation. Second, thinking styles were significantly related to intrinsic extrinsic motivation except amotivation and goal orientation were significantly related to intrinsic-extrinisic motivation positively on negatively. Third, in the main effects of personal variables and thinking styles on athleters` motivation. Type I and goal orientations explained 24% of total variance in the effects of personal variables and goal orientation only task orientation explained 19% of total variance and in the effect of all independent variables influenced to motivation significantly both task orientation and Type III contributed about 27% to all motivation. Uorcequently, these results indicate that both task orientation and Type III-based thinking style are the best predictors of college athletes` sports motivation.