자연감상의 접근과 방향 모색

황후남 한국아동미술학회 2003 아동미술교육 Vol.2 No.-

“吃完了饭”与“吃饱了饭”句的推导过程对比

황후남 한국중어중문학회 2016 한국중어중문학회 학술대회 자료집 Vol.2016 No.11

现代汉语“吃+NP”句的“NP”题元角色分析

황후남 한국외국어대학교 중국연구소 2019 中國硏究 Vol.80 No.-

The modern Chinese "吃 +NP" structure of "NP", in addition to the meaning of suffering, can also mean place, easy, tool and source. This paper attempts to answer the following two questions: 1) why can "NP" theta role(θ-role) of "吃 +NP" be diversified? According to CAI weitian (2016) 's Cartographic Approach, Chinese light verbs can be divided into two categories: external light verbs (such as CAUSE, BECOME, DO) and operational AT the event level, while internal light verbs (such as WITH, USE, FOR, AT) appear to be related to comitativity AT the activity level. The structure of "吃 +NP" is in the lexical level, which has implicit light verbs, so the role of "NP" can be diversified. 2) why can't "NP" with its semantics of place, container, tool, and source be the object of "吃 +NP"? According to the event participant theory written by c-t.j. Huang y. -h. Audrey Li · Yafei Li and translated by zhang heyou (2013:62), verbs are composed of light verbs indicating event types and root words indicating participants' information. Event participants can be divided into required participants and optional participants. The verb "吃" must be a participant in the information in addition to the patient, there are places, containers, tools, and sources. The structure of "吃 +NP" is generated at the lexical level, and there are implicit light verbs at the lexical level, so the participants of the verb "吃" must be restricted. While "in NP" of "in +NP+ 吃" structure is located in the adverbial position inside, "NP" obtains participants' thematic role from the preposition, so it is not restricted by participants' information. The recessive light verb in the lexical level of "吃 + place" structure is AT; USE is the implicit light verb of "吃 + container" and "eat + tool". The implicit light verb in the lexical hierarchy of "吃+ source" structure is SORCE. Some "NP" of the "吃 +NP" structure are not required participants in the "吃" event and generally have comparative semantics. In addition, the "吃 + place" structure of food is [+ type refers to]; 吃 + source the patient has nothing to do with the specific diet. The following table is summarized. 现代汉语“吃+NP”结构的“NP”,除了表示受事以外,还可以表示场所、容易、工具以及来源。本文试图解答如下两个问题: 1)“吃+NP”的“NP”题元角色为什么可以多样化? 据蔡维天(2016)制图理论(Cartographic Approach),汉语轻动词(light verb)可以分为内外两类:外轻动词(如CAUSE、BECOME、DO)与事件(event)层次的使事性(causality)有关,而内轻动词(如WITH、USE、FOR、AT)则跟动作(activity)层次的与事性( comitativity )有关。“吃+NP”结构在词汇层次内,而此层有隐性内轻动词,所以其“NP”题元角色可以多样化。 2)为什么有些具有表示场所,容器,工具,来源语义的“NP”不能充当“吃+NP”结构的宾语? 据 C-T.James Huang · Y.-H. Audrey Li · Yafei Li 著,张和友译(2013:62)的事件参与者理论,动词由表示事件类型的轻动词和表示参与者信息的词根组成的,事件参与者可分为必须参与者和可选参与者。动词“吃”的必须参与者信息除了受事以外,还有场所、容器、工具以及来源等。 “吃+NP”结构生成于词汇层次,而在词汇层次内有隐性内轻动词,所以受动词“吃”的必须参与者制约;而“在+NP+吃”结构的“在NP”位于内状语位置,“NP”从介词获得参与者题元角色,因此不受参与者信息制约。“吃+场所”结构词汇层次内的隐性内轻动词为AT; “吃+容器”和“吃+工具”结构词汇层的隐性内轻动词为USE; “吃+来源”结构词汇层次内的隐性内轻动词为SORCE。 “吃+NP”结构的有些“NP”并不是“吃”事件的必须参与者,这时一般具有对比语义。另外,“吃+场所”结构的句外饮食为[+类指];吃+来源”结构的句外受事与具体饮食无关。

“双音节V+N”定中结构研究

황후남 한국중국어교육학회 2013 중국어교육과연구 Vol.0 No.18

In language reality, verbs precede nouns to constituting the 2 kinds of relationships of “verbs +nouns”, which are predicate-object and modified relation. Even the same verbs, according to its combination of nouns, can constitute different structure relation. As a sample, “arranged form” is modified relation. “arranged” explains and limits the attribute of “form”; “arrange the meeting place” is a kind of verb-object relationship. “the meeting place” is the object of direct action. According to the 吴锡根(1991), the verbs which can use with the objects account for 62.63% of total. According to the analysis of this article, in the ≪新汉语水平考试大纲≫ , there are 1304 verbs, which account for 92.29% of the total verb number. So we can say that the number of the verbs which can act as attribute is more than transitive verb. Comparatively, the nouns which act as objects are express generally specific things, namely, hyponym. So there are a number of them. A verb can use with many different objects according to the different context. As a sample, “comfort” can use with “patient, famliy members, friends, students”; but the nouns which are modified by of the verbs which can act as attribute are abstract nouns, namely, hypernym. So there are a limited number of them.

离合动词与述宾式复合动词的比较分析 -以新HSK收录的词汇为主

황후남 한국외국어대학교 중국연구소 2015 中國硏究 Vol.63 No.-

Most of separable words are the predicative-object structure, however there are differences between the separable verbs and predicate-object structure. Concretely summarized as the following three points. Firstly in the aspect of morpheme freedom, separable words are more free than the predicate object structure. The morpheme which all of the action morpheme and the object element are free accounted for 41.25%; The morpheme which one type of it is free accounted for 47.95%; The morpheme which are not free accounted for 9.36%. The common Predicative-object verbs which two of morpheme are free accounted for 0.00%; The common Predicative-object verbs which one type of them are 57.98%; The common Predicative-object verbs which two type of them are not free is 42.03%. This shows that the freedom of the separable verbs are more than Predicative- object verbs. Secondly, most of the separable verbs are different from common verbs which can extend like Predicative-object phrase. This point is the difference between the separable verbs and common verbs. In the Predicative-object common verbs there are only "出版、导航、服气、负责、合伙、立足、示范、祝福、报销、发抖、告辞、示威、作废、动员、潜水、创业、酗酒、绑架"18 words that “了"or“过” can be put in the two of the morpheme. The number complement can be put in the words “动员、绑架、示范、担保、请示” . The object morpheme can be put in “出版、负责、潜水、创业,据说、示威、动员、告辞、酗酒、发抖、后悔、合伙、绑架”. So we can summarize that “了、着、过”can put in most of the separable verbs. “着” can't be put in Predicative- object separable verbs. The number complement of the action morpheme and The number attribute of object morpheme can be put in most of the separable verbs. The Time measure complement of action morpheme can't be put in the common Predicative- object separable verbs. thirdly, in the separable verbs "ABB" shows overlap. In the common Predicative- object verbs “ABAB” shows overlap except “示威”. 大部分离合词为述宾结构关系,可是与一般的述宾结构复合词存在一些不同点,具体归纳为下列三点。第一、在语素的自由度上离合词比一般的述宾结构复合词自由一些,动语素和宾语素都自由的占41.25%;其中一个语素自由的占47.95%;两个都不自由的占9.36%。一般的述宾式动词,两个语素都自由的尚未发现;其中一个语素自由的占57.98%;两个都不自由的占42.03%。由此可知离合词的语素自由度大于一般的述宾式动词。第二、大部分离合词不同于一般的动词,跟述宾式词组一样可以扩展,这一点正是离合词与一般动词的区别点。述宾式一般动词中只有“出版、导航、服气、负责、合伙、立足、示范、祝福、报销、发抖、告辞、示威、作废、动员、潜水、创业、酗酒、绑架”等18个词在两个语素中间可以加入“了”或“过”;只有“动员、绑架、示范、担保、请示”可以加入动语素的动量补语;只有“出版、负责、潜水、创业,据说、示威、动员、告辞、酗酒、发抖、后悔、合伙、绑架”中间可以插入宾语素的数量定语。因此可以说绝大部分离合词中间可以插入“了、着、过”或其中的一个,一般的述宾式离合词中间不能加入“着”;绝大部分离合词的两个语素中间可以插入动语素的数量补语和宾语素的数量定语,一般的述宾式离合词的两个语素中间不能插入动语素的时量补语。第三、离合动词以“AAB”式来表示重叠,而一般的述宾式动词除了“示威”以外都以“ABAB”形式来表示重叠。从句法灵活度角度看,离合词介于述宾式词组和述宾式非离合词之间;述宾式非离合词介于离合词与一般复合动词之间。在对外汉语教育现场,述宾式非离合词的句法特征教育跟离合词的句法特征教育同样重要,应该给予重视。

전통놀이 미술활동을 통한 민족 정체성 함양에 관한 연구 - 초등 1,2학년 즐거운 생활중심으로 -

황후남 한국아동미술학회 2006 아동미술교육 Vol.5 No.-

现代汉语“V+得+VP/AP”结构与“V+个+VP/AP”结构的对比分析

황후남 한국중어중문학회 2023 中語中文學 Vol.- No.94

The ≪Modern Chinese Dictionary≫ 7th edition (2018:441) points out that "个" is used in the middle of the verb and the complement to make the complement slightly object-like; Lv Shuxiang (2007[1980]:222) points out that the function of "个" is similar to that of "得" which introduces the complement. At this time"个" as a verb can be used in conjunction with the word "了".However, when it can be used in conjunction with the word "得", it cannot be used as a verb with "了". In the real language, some "个" sentences can be converted into "得" sentences, but the semantics of the converted sentences are different; while some "个" sentences cannot be converted into "得" sentences. In order to clarify the reason, this paper analyzes the similarities and differences between "个" sentences and "得" sentences, and the results are organized as follows. (1)The event meaning of "得" sentence: the first one, the event semantics indicates the attribute semantics, and "得" is anchored at the lexical level upwards; the second one, the event semantics indicates the cause and change, and CAUSE introduces the event element at the flexural level, and anchors down wards. CAUSE introduces the event element at the flexural level and anchors downward, and BECOME indicates the result of change and anchors up ward. (2)Syntactic properties and semantics of "得" sentence: The verbs before "得" cannot overlap, and cannot have dynamic auxiliaries such as "了", "着", "过", etc. This shows that "得" has the syntactic function of expressing tense.So "得" should be regarded as a suffix with the function of completing to be, and has the semantic function of qualitative anchoring. (3)In the analysis of the structure of "V+个+NP", we found that "个" has the function of indicating individual class name. "个" in "V+个+VP/AP" has the function of nominalization, which makes "VP/AP" become the quasi-object of "V" after nominalization and indicates the degree of "V”. (4)The structure of "V+得+VP/AP" cannot be co-occurred with words that express tense, and the whole sentence expresses a present or an attribute, not an unpresent; The structure of "V+个+VP/AP" can be co-occurred with words that express tense, and if there are no other words that express tense in the sentence, then the whole sentence indicates the tense is not yet.

有定性影响主语、宾语的现象考察

황후남 중국어문논역학회 2015 中國語文論譯叢刊 Vol.0 No.36

“Definite” and “indefinite” are two opposite concepts that nominal have on nominatum. “Definite” refers to specific reference or definiteness, the old information that speaker and hearer already know or speaker think hearer already know; “indefinite” refers to general reference or indefiniteness, the new information that both speaker and hearer doesn’t know or speaker knows but he think hearer doesn’t know. In English, articles can be classified into definite articles and indefinite articles. There are definite article “the” and indefinite article “a (an)”. We can confirm whether the nominal is definite or indefinite by the articles which modified the nominal. In Chinese, due to lack of the external morphologic indications, without specific definite and indefinite indications, normally we use the demonstrative pronoun “这”, “那”, which correspond to the definite article in English, to indicate the nominal modified by it is definite; and we use the quantifier “一” corresponding to indefinite article, indefinite interrogative pronoun “几”,indefinite plural “一些” and others to indicate the nominal be modified by them are indefinite. The definite and indefinite of the nominal have large constraint on the subject and object, generally speaking,when there is only one nominal in the sentence, the one in front of the verb is definite, and the one in the back is indefinite; when there are more than two nominal in the sentence, the one on the subject position is definite, and the one in the back of the verb can be both definite and indefinite; in double-object sentence, the indirect object must be definite and the direct object must be indefinite. The subject in “把”-sentence and the object follow with “把” is definite; the subject in “被”-sentence must be definite, and the object could be both definite and indefinite, and it can be omitted when it is indefinite. ‘한정성’과 ‘비한정성’은 명사성 성분의 지칭에 있어서 두 개의 대응되는 개념이다. ‘한정성’이란 특별히 지칭하여 일컫는 것을 말하며, 화자나 청자가 다 알고 있는 구 정보를 말한다. ‘비한정성’이란 총괄하여 가리키는 것을 말하며 화자와 청자가 다 모르거나 혹은 화자가 청자가 모른다고 생각하는 신 정보를 말한다. 영어에서는 관사를 통해 그 관사의 수식을 받는 명사성 성분의 한정성 여부를 알아 볼 수 있다. 영어의 관사는 정관사 ‘the’와 부정관사 ‘a(an)’로 나뉜다. 그러나 중국어는 형태표지가 결여하기 때문에 특정한 한정성 표지나 비한정성 표지가 없다. 일반적으로 영어 정관사에 해당하는 한정성은 주로 지시대명사를 통해 나타낸다. 흔히 쓰이는 것은 ‘这’, ‘那’, ‘这么’, ‘那么’ 등이다. 영어 부정관사에 해당하는 비한정성은 주로 의문대명사 ‘几’, ‘哪-’ 등을 통해 나타내며 일반적으로 술어 뒤에 놓여 목적어의 일부가 되어 비한정성을 나타낸다. ‘(一)+양사+명사’ 구조에서 ‘(一)’은 3가지 의미를 가지고 있다. 1) 어느 하나를 나타내며, 이 때는 비한정성을 나타낸다. 2) 수량 ‘一’이고 다른 수량이 아님을 나타낼 때는 한정성이 있다. 3) 완전한 하나를 나타내는데, 이 때도 한정성이 있다. 명사성 성분의 한정성 여부는 주어와 목적어에 대해 제약을 줄 수 있다. 한 문장에서 명사(구)가 하나만 있을 때, 동사 앞에 놓이면 한정성이 있고, 동사 뒤에 놓이면 한정성이 없다. 만약 한 문장에서 명사(구)가 두 개 이상이 있을 때, 동사 앞에 놓이면 한정성이 있고, 동사 뒤에 놓이면 한정성이 있을 수도 있고 없을 수도 있다. 일반적으로 이중 목적어에서 간접 목적어는 한정성을 지니고, 직접 목적어는 비한정성을 지닌다. ‘把’자구문의 주어와 전치사 ‘把’의 목적어는 한정성이 있다. 그리고 ‘被’자구문의 주어는 일반적으로 한정성이 있으며, 전치사 ‘被’의 목적어는 한정성이 있을 수 도 없을 수 도 있으며, 한정성이 없는 경우에 그 목적어는 생략이 가능하다.

现代汉语“V1+V2”状中结構分析

황후남 한국외국어대학교 중국연구소 2013 中國硏究 Vol.57 No.-

Language changes and develops without stopping. To speak in a simple and economical way, people find some exceptions in the grammar of their language, that is to say some of the verbs are used as adverbials in the sentences. It is undeniable that verbs can directly modify verbs in the sentences. Generally speaking, most Chinese learners of the beginner and intermediate level in Korea learn Chinese linguistic rules from the Chinese grammar books. Learners can find the basic and commonly used vocabulary in the given HSK words. In this paper, the writer broke down the HSK vocabulary from the first grade to the sixth one according to its degree of difficulty and found out that twenty four of mono syllabic verbs(8.25%) and seventy eight of double syllabic verbs(4.72%) can be uttered as direct modifiers right in front of other verbs. 洪心衡(1963, 王正红(1989), 郭奇军・龙启艳(2010)insisted that verbs are still verbs when they modify others before them, but 孙德金(1997)said that the modifying verbs should be considered as adverbial verbs because a few of them happen in the Chinese writings. This research says that “比如” is typically adverbs and “飞跃、胜利” can be said that they are comparatively typical adverbs. Except three of them, the vast majority of the one and two syllabic verbs are typical verbs. Therefore I think some verbs can play the role as adverbials, but it is quite exceptional and uncommon in the sentences. When verbs modify other verbs in the sentences, the preceding verbs do not state independent events but the mode and condition of the following verbs. As 郭锐(2002:241`293)demonstrates, these phenomena shows that the adverbial verbs have the temporary function and when they are out of this functional context, when it comes to verbs modifying verbs, they still act as verbs. Simply put, when they are used as modifiers, they describe the state and condition of the main verbs, however, when they are used as predicates, they just state the complete event. in this paper, I classify the following three kinds of adverbial verbs that directly modify the other verbs in the Chinese sentences:1) “V1” is a motional verb. Thus “V1” and “V2” state different events but the motionness of “V1” is getting less and less and finally it does not represent its concrete motion. Namely, “V1” demonstrates the state and condition of “V2”, the main verbs; the timeness of “V1” gets vague only to have the sense of being in the process for “V2”. 2) “V1” is not a motional verb. Therefore, “V1+V2” structure states one event. 3) “V1” is a motional verb, but has a figurative meaning. Although “V1+V2” stands for two different motional verbs, “V1” represents the state and condition of “V2”.

“界” 与文章的自足性问题考察

黃后男(황후남) 한국중어중문학회 2014 한국중어중문학회 학술대회 자료집 Vol.2014 No.06