‘황희 정승 납거미 유언’ 설화 고찰

황인덕 ( In-deok Hwang ) 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 2018 인문학연구 Vol.57 No.1

알려져 있듯 황희는 정승을 지낸 조선 초기 명인의 한 사람이다. 다수일반인들에게 그는 주로 ‘황희 황정승’으로 이름과 직위가 병칭되어 불리어오곤 했는데, 이는 그의 이름이 오래 전에 이미 애칭화되어 후대까지 널리 불려왔다는 뜻이다. 우리나라 역대 정승을 거친 수많은 훌륭한 인물가운데, 그 직위에 요구되는 역할을 가장 충실하게 실현함으로써 그 존재가 거의 ‘정승’의 대명사처럼 기억되어온 결과라 하겠다. 황정승이 조선조전 시대를 대표하는 명 정승으로 알려져온 것에 부합하여, 그에 대하여 구전되어온 설화 또한 그 폭과 깊이가 넓고 깊게 실현되고 있다. 한 인물이 남긴 설화가 대략 주인공이 지닌 인품, 생애, 시대, 업적 등의 조건에 비례한다면, 황정승이 남긴 설화의 다양성도 대략 그러한 조건들이 예사인물과는 다른 결과라고 할 수 있다. 이 글은 위 인물에 대하여 <공작이도 납거미를 먹고 살랴>라는 하나의 유형을 집중적으로 고찰하였다. 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 위 설화의 유형은 크게는 하나, 작게는 세개의 유형으로 나뉘고 있다. 둘째, 위 설화가 형성된 화소의 원천은 ‘고려장 설화’와 ‘공작이도 납거미를 먹고 살랴’라는 전래 속담이며, 이 두 가지 요소가 하필 황정승을 대상 인물로 하여 새로운 설화를 이룬 것은 나말여초 중국과 조선의 국제관계와 그 속에서 황정승이 수행한 역할과 위상이 반영된 결과이다. 셋째, 설화를 통한 인물 형상의 특징은 청렴상을 통한 민담성의 강화에 있으며, 특히 비범한 능력을 발휘하여 청렴을 실천하는 인물상의 구현은 황정승의 투철한 애민정신을 반영한 결과라 할 수 있다. 넷째, 황정승 설화는 여말 선초를 지나 조선 초기 국운 상승기의 인물담을 대표적으로 보여주며, 그로 인하여 설화 속의 인물상이 한결같이 긍정적인 모습으로만 나타난다. As we all know, Hwang Hee was a renowned minister in the early period of Joseon dynasty. The fact that he has been mainly called both by name and position as ‘the minister Hwang’ means he was already given a nickname a long time ago. He has been remembered as a representative of ministers existed in the history as he carried out his duties the most faithfully among the numbers of past outstanding ministers in the country. In accordance with his reputation as a devoted minister throughout the whole dynasty of Joseon, his fictional image was embodied with great wide and depth. If the tales Hwang Hee left behind depended on the conditions such as his personality, his life, the period and his achievement, a variety of his tales would seem to approximately result from those different conditions from those of others. This paper concentrates on his tale < Apeacocklivesonflatspiders > only. The contents are as below. First, the above-mentioned tale might be broadly divided into a type, or into three types in detail. Second, a subject matter of this tale is derived from folk tales about ‘Goryeojang’ and ‘A peacock lives on flat spiders’. A new tale about Hwang Hee which has been invented reflects on the international relationship of Joseon with China, and the role and position he played in the late period of Goryeo dynasty and the early period of Joseon dynasty. Third, a characteristic of the hero in the tale depends on the strengthening his integrity, which displays Hwang Hee’s strong love for the people by showing his exceptional ability to perform for them. Fourth, the tale of Hwang Hee represents a tale of the great man in the history when the country was in the ascendant in the early period of Joseon from the late Goryeo and the early Joseon. Therefore, he was displayed as a positive character in the tales.

이토정 ‘수묘축방(守墓築坊)’ 관련 기록과 현지전설

황인덕(In-deok, Hwang) 어문연구학회 2009 어문연구 Vol.60 No.-

Tojeong, Lee Jiham (1517~1578) was one of the gentry, intellectuals in mid-Joseon Dynasty. He distinguished himself by demonstrating unique idea and behavior among general Sung Confucianism scholars. Thus, he drew attention from public at that time and his life was documented by producing a number of sub-types in folktales. He was represented as one of the figure legend characters of Joseon Dynasty. Tojeong's legend showed locality as he traveled here and there a lot in a country. Therefore, it was necessary to focus on and investigate those areas where he had lived or stayed in order to explore legend about him. This study sought for Tojeong's legend as one of local legends. Ancient documents provided that Tojeong tried to build bank at the mouth of the ocean in Boryeong area to keep his parents' tomb safe from tidal waves, however, his work was not completed and some of his works has remained up until now. The remains of the bank demonstrated he worked vigorously in the days of his youth and also provided he was renowned for filial devotion. One of the purposes of this study was to investigate the characters of the legend on those remains. However, the results of field trips to Boryeong area confirmed that his works in bank building had not bee reserved in folktales quite well for next generations : because his parents' tomb influenced more in folktales than his works of bank building did. The focus on tomb, rather than bank building, brought the 'mulmok'(a place at which the water flows in and out ) became important , therefore, the location of bank remains were regarded as less important as 'mulmok'. In fact , the remains of bank building had a great importance in history : however, it has become of little importance as a source of folktale.

<조카의 반심을 교화한 토정> 전설의 역사의식과 역사배경

황인덕(In-deok, Hwang) 어문연구학회 2010 어문연구 Vol.63 No.-

This study has been undertaken to answer the question of why one episode in the Tojeong legend which involves his nephew Agae(鵝溪) Lee Sanhae(李山海) is far from the historical facts. In reality, Agae was a loyal prime minister of King Seonp. In the legend, however, he is portrayed as a treacherous mastermind and depicted as escaping death with the help of his uncle Tojeong. This is too far away from the historical facts. To understand the reason behind such a depiction of Agae, it is essential to investigate Tojeong’s family background as well as his own life. Such a depiction of Agae, which is far from the historical facts, is a result of Tojeong’s strong individual and collective historical consciousness. This is well confinned with the legend’s various versions held by Tojeong’slineal descendants. In this sense, the legend can be categorized as a 'family legend'. In many episodes of the legend. Agae is depicted as being highly treacherous while Tojeong is depicted as attempting to frustrate his plot. The way of legendary description here is very specific, which helps heighten the reality of the legend. It can be therefore said that the consciousness of the reality is well embodied in the legend. The distinct features of the legend are owing to Tojeong’s and his family’s individuaI and collective experiences. A series of incidents such as Lee Saek(李穡)’ s literary scandal at the end of the Korea Dynasty, Lee Gae(李塏)’s treason at the time of King Sejo, Lee Pah(李城)’s corpse-beheading , Tojeong's father-in-law's treason were enough to instill in Tojeong and his family a sense of fear of being punished for treason. Moreover 'Agae's outstanding talents and political capabilities were rather considered potential sources of treason. the political consciousness of Tojeong's family is well revealed in the episode in which Agae narrowly escapes the treason-plotting place. The historial fact is that Agae broke his promise to discuss a plot to enthrone a new king. In the legend, however, Agae is depicted to plot the treason himself. This is purely a result of legendary imagination to reflect Tojeong’s and his family's psychological state of anxiety and insecurity.

아계(鵝溪) 사행몽교탄생(使行夢交誕生) 담 연구

황인덕(Hwang In-deok) 충남대학교 충청문화연구소 2010 충청문화연구 Vol.5 No.-

Lee, San-hae [1538-1609} was the personality equipped with talented gifts, and he was a dignitary in charge of Yeonguijeong in the period of the Joseon Dynasty. There exist several legends of figures relevant to him which have been orally transmitted to these days. This writing is on the one of the legends. This story is about "Sahaengmonggyotansaeng" in which the father of Lee, San-hae was sent to China as an envoy, where he lay with his wife and begot a son in his dream. This story type has a lot more versions in comparison with other types related to Lee, San-hae. This explains why this legend has gained lots of attention from the public. The above mentioned legend dates back to Seong, Mong-jeong[1471-1517] ahead of Lee, San-hae. It could be the result of the figure story in the precedent period being pulled by a more famous figure in the following period. However, there exists a difference in these two stories. There still remains a vestige of mythical motif in Seongmongjeong story, which means that the Seongmongjeong story has been orally transmitted to this period while assuming strongly a meaning of "A Great Man who put his family in the map" in the socio-cultural background where the tradition of one's family was much valued. However, the Lee, San-hae Story has been able to be imagined and remembered easily to the general public by virtue of the level of awareness of a figure, and peculiarity of the figure's name-i.e. consistency of the name Lee, San-hae with the place name "Sanhae'gwan." By this, it could be concluded that Lee, Sanhae legend, though it is the same type story, has been orally transmitted to this period while taking on more intriguing quality and popularity. However, the more important difference lies in another. In short, in the legend by Lee, San-hae, there clearly appear the narrative elements such as 'Shadowlessness', 'Bonelessness' and 'Transformed into water as soon as he died.' This could be the result of the general public's consciousness of criticism against his political weakness being strongly reflected. His responsible role in history was big, so such criticism was strongly levelled at Lee, San-hae. This is a natural consequence.

‘보학(譜學)담 이야기꾼’의 한 사례

황인덕(Hwang, In-deok) 한국언어문학회 2015 한국언어문학 Vol.94 No.-

A traditional storyteller in Korea has consistently interested me and this study, a case study, is a continuation of it. Roughly speaking, discipline of genealogy (譜學譚) can be defined as a story of genealogy. Also, storyteller of it is who has great interest in the story of genealogy and narrate at a professional level. ‘Genealogy’ can exist any place in the world; however, 'discipline of genealogy', a study of genealogy, exists only in Korea. Likewise, while the story of genealogy can exist any where in the world, the discipline of genealogy can be said to exist only in Korea. The story of genealogy is mostly limited to individual family's story of its ancestors. In contrast, the discipline of genealogy means a comprehensive knowledge of several families in Korea. As the term, genealogy, has come out of Korean culture, the term, storyteller of genealogy, has been derived from unique tradition of Korea, which might be possible due to tradition of Yangban culture for a long time. In specific, this study focuses on one case which can show the features of telling 'a discipline of genealogy' among other types of storytellers in Korea. Storyteller of this case study is Sangmuk Kim (1924~ ) whose uniqueness and aptitude were investigated on three perspectives. First, his family background and tradition-oriented background in his journey of life experience are discovered. Next, after considering his ability of telling as a storyteller and his way of making a discipline of genealogy telling a habit, the nature of topics and the way of telling are investigated. The last part of this study is devoted for the significance of Sangmuk Kim and his discipline of genealogy of the times. Regarding his family background and tradition-oriented background in his journey of life experience, three different perspectives are considered: formation of tradition-oriented consciousness and family background; his life course and confucian values-oriented view; and experiencing 'GuelSaRang Chamber' in his boyhood. In addition, regarding the nature of topics and the way of telling, two different views are used such as classification and types of topics; and features of telling topics. In conclusion, the culture of genealogy and storytellers of it turns to be possible only within Korean culture, whose tradition will not be likely to be continued and maintained anymore in the future.

청주 ‘압각수(鴨脚樹)’ 전설의 전승력과 ‘홍수’화소의 지역성

황인덕(In-deok, Hwang) 어문연구학회 2008 어문연구 Vol.58 No.-

There is an old ginkoo thee called 'Apgaksu'(鴨脚樹) in Jungang Park in Cheongju city in Chungbuk Province. This tree is closely related to historical events during tumultuous periods from the late Goryeo Dynasty to the early Joseon Dynasty and there is a legend about times . This papwe aims at examining periodical difference in literature on the Apgak-tree legend, specifically noting the localization of this legend. The Apgak-tree legend is a historical legend in terms of its historical importance, a character legend in terms of the importance of the characters, a historical relic legend in terms of the importance of the object, and a tree legend in terms of the importance of the tree itself. The various characteristics of this tree show that the documents of the legends on this tree are related to history, culture and nature although they are hidden. Although documents on this legend tell a single story, there is much grave evidence behind it. At the same time, this legend started as a local legend. Local specific historical events were reported to the central government for recoding, and a single charcter story emerged. Finally it became of historical interest. However, its root is based in a historical event that happened in a specific local area to a specific object. Because of the importance of the event and character, this legend expanded. But it is originally based on a local legend about a tree. This paper focuses on the influential power of this legend and specifically, its endemism as a local legend. Also, a 'flooding' motif is important as a root of the Apgaksu legend. Since geographically Cheongju City is located on the upper part of a river, it experienced a lot of major flooding damage. The legend has been handed down from generation to generation and repetitive flooding experiences influenced the creation of this legend as powerful folklore. Therefore, this legend indicates that natural conditions, flooding and events of the Mushim-river(無心川) in Cheongju city formed an inevitable chain of events. It is the main goal of this paper to examine the local natural conditions through legend by demonstrating the originality of this legend as specifically local legend. I hope this paper will help bring understanding to legends that emphasize local characteristics.

토정 이지함의 과욕(寡慾) 사상과 관련 전설 고찰

황인덕(Hwang, In-deok) 충남대학교 충청문화연구소 2013 충청문화연구 Vol.10 No.-

The purpose of this study was to understand To-Jung Lee(李土亭), Ji-Hham’(之?)s spirit of desire-suppressing by connecting it with a variety of legends where the spirit was manifested. Including the spirit of desire-suppressing, he emphasized and also practiced several ideas and theories in his life. Among them, specially, he created a theory of desire-suppressing. Also, responding to the theory, unique legends have been left behind his theory, which allowed investigating the connection between them further in this study. To-Jung had been known for his desire-suppressing disposition since his early childhood. In specific, what he had practiced in his life was featured in many different areas such as suppressing his selfish interests and desires, devoting himself to charities, helping his disciples, and carrying out his duty as a governor. As this was admitted by his close friends, he was deeply respected by his disciples. In addition, the clue of a theory of desire-suppressing To-Jung held was basically based on Menciu(孟子)s’ one. To-Jung’s theory was, however, even more thorough than Mencius’ one as it was often called ‘a theory of no-selfish-interests-and-desire’. In fact, his theory emphasized faithfulness and infinity inside, while infinity of practice on the external surface, which made his theory very unique and special. The characters expressed in the legends were featured as two distinctive images. The first character was a governor lecturing his subordinates and the second was a person on whom one’s family background was reflected. In specific, the former was connected with specific geographical region, with more features which could be found in local legends, while the latter occurred from the reflection of To-Jung’s and A-Gye Lee(李鵝溪), San-Hae(山海)’s family background, with more features on the character and its family background. Regardless of the types of the two, either type focused on person or one focused on family, it was common that they were based on To-Jung’s specific behavior and his experience. Other than most of other legends about To-Jung’s spirit of desire-suppressing, there was a different version saying that he had one desire, whose figurational expression was able to be made because his desire was far from no-desire as a perfect altruism. For example, his filial behavior of building a tomb in a propitious site for his parents can be a reflection resulting from the general public’s point of view, regarding the behavior as far from perfect filing behavior without realizing it purposely.

신용정보의 체계와 정책 이슈

황인덕 ( In Deok Hwang ) 한국금융정보학회 2013 금융정보연구 Vol.2 No.2

우리나라의 신용정보 이용 및 보호 체계는 1995년 1월 5일 신용정보의 이용 및 보호에 관한 법률이 제정되어 법적 기반을 확보하였고, 그동안 신용정보업의 육성, 신용정보의 효율적 이용 및 체계적 관리, 신용정보 주체의 보호, 신용질서의 확립 등에 기여해 왔으나, 신용정보의 이용 및 제공 등에 엄격한 규제를 적용하고 있어 개선 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 또한, 공공정보 집중 관련 규정에도 불구하고 공공기관이 공공정보의 제공에 소극적이며, 대부업 정보도 금융정보로서 금융시장의 효율성 관점에서 공유정보에 포함시키는 것이 타당할 것이나, 현재 공유가 이루어지지 않고 있다. 신용평가모형의 정확도를 제고하고 금융소외자의 금융시장 접근성을 높이기 위해서는 공공정보 및 대부업 정보의 실질적인 공유가 필요하다. 신용평가업이 신용정보법에서 자본시장법으로 이관되면서 현재 고유업무로 수행중인 신용공여 평가 등의 업무가 부수업무로 분류되는 등 규제상충 문제에 대한 입법적 보완이 필요하다. 또한 신용평가 수익모델의 변경이나 복수평가의 폐지여부에 대해서는 이해상충의 회피를 통한 정확한 신용평가정보의 생산과 투자자 보호라는 관점에서 보다 충분한 연구와 검토가 필요하다. 기업신용정보 인프라는 재무정보의 양과 질이 절대적으로 부족하여 상대적으로 초보단계에 머물러 있으므로 향후 기업정보 유통 활성화를 통한 서비스 고도화와 이를 위한 적극적인 투자가 필요하다. Systems on use and protection of credit information in Korea were introduced into legislation in January 5, 1995 in parallel with enactment of an act on use and protection of credit information. The systems have contributed to nurturing of credit information business, efficient use and systemic control of credit information, protection of the information owner, and enforcement of credit-related rules and regulations. However, issues have been raised to reform the systems as they apply very strict restrictions over use and provision of credit information. In addition, in spite of the regulation on concentration of public information, public agencies are passively providing public information. Moreover, even though it is plausible to share information about consumer loan finance companies as financial information from a perspective of an efficient financial market, it is not shared as of current. In order to enhance accuracy of credit rating model and improve access of those who are financially excluded to financial market, public information and information about consumer loan finance business shall be shared in practice. Additional legal supplementation is necessary in order to address the conflict of regulations as credit rating business is now regulated under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act instead of Use and Protection of Credit Information Act. For example, the assessment of credit exposure which is currently classified as core activity will be categorized as supplementary activity. In addition, change of credit rating business model or abolition of multiple rating system require thorough research and review for production of accurate credit rating information and protection of investors. Infrastructure regarding credit information of companies is relatively in its elementary stages since it lacks both quality and quantity of financial information. Against this backdrop, service must be advanced by facilitating distribution of information about companies, and aggressive investment is also necessary to this end.

이토정 〈친묘 잡기 답산〉전설의 ‘논 가는 노인의 계시’ 삽화 고찰

황인덕(Hwang In-Deok) 충남대학교 충청문화연구소 2010 충청문화연구 Vol.3 No.-

신용평가정보와 기업의 단기자금 조달방식 선택

황인덕(In-Deok Hwang),정병욱(Byung-Uk Chong) 대한경영학회 2014 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.27 No.3