제주지역 성인의 비만관련 생활습관 요인: 지역사회건강조사 자료를 활용하여

함현지,김수민,고한빈,하경호 한국식품영양과학회 2022 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2022 No.10

성범죄의 예비‧음모행위로서의 ‘그루밍’에 관한 고찰

함현지 한국법학원 2021 저스티스 Vol.- No.184

It has been widely known that the traditional requirement for taking effect in sexual assault is to use physical force and/or threats to repress the victim’s intent. These days, however, social issues arose regarding cases where offenders intentionally manipulate a child to naturally accept sexual abuse without forcing or threatening him/her, and a new term “sexual grooming” has been used in both press and judgments to describe the phenomenon. The meaning of “sexual grooming” is not clear in regards to interpretation and application of criminal law. Previous studies defined sexual grooming as follows: a series of stages in which an offender with a superior position, in purpose of sexual exploitation, builds trust with a child less supervised by adults or nearby environments, leads the child into easily accepting sexual violence, and stops the child from telling others. In fact, the concept of sexual grooming is used to describe three different things. ① To some people who claim that sexual grooming should be criminalized, sexual grooming refers to “a stage of building trust” before sexual abuse. ② Others describe sexual grooming as a “non-violent sexual activity via the grooming method above” and as a sexual crime by hierarchy or power. ③ Lastly, there is ‘violent sexual activity preceded by sexual grooming,’ in which sexual grooming is regarded only as a motive for traditional sexual crimes and not as an individual crime. A typical legal regulation that criminalized sexual grooming as defined above ① is the Sexual Offences Act 2003 in United Kingdom. In regards to sexual grooming as defined above ②, Korea has regulations to some extent, according to the existing requirements of the criminal law, but attempts of legislation grooming itself were not successful. However, in 2020. 5. and 6., after the so-called “Nth Room Case”, amendments were made in all “Crime Law”, “Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment, etc. of Sexual Crime”, and “Act on the Protection of Children and Youth Against Sex Offenses”, and conspiracy and/or preparation for sexual crime by means of hierarchy has been newly established (in addition to existing conspiracy and/or preparation for sexual crime by means of assaults and/or threats). In addition, on August 27, 2020, the Supreme Court changed the previous view about “sexual relationship by hierarchy,” now including in the subject of the hierarchy not only the act of sexual relationship itself and the condition that is inextricably related to it but also the factors such as motive for sexual relationship and monetary/non-monetary consideration associated with sexual relationship. Moreover, the Supreme Court has consistently announced that negligence with perception to commit a primary crime is sufficient for the intention of a preliminary crime and that sexual excitement or satisfaction is not required for sexual abuse crime. Therefore, due to the establishment of the conspiracy and preparation in sexual crime and the change of the Supreme Court precedent, sexual grooming itself, as defined above in ①, shall be punished although it is only a preparatory act for a primary crime. However, grooming itself is indistinguishable from the process of building up relationship among general people. Also, it is difficult to apply the disconnection of causality between hierarchy and sexual activity as the Supreme Court suggested. Eventually, considering the situation under the current law and the current precedent, there is a chance that the defendant gets punished for committing conspiracy and preparation in sexual crime if he or she is recognized to have had any sexual purpose or willful negligence. This may lead to punishing people with having just a certain idea and destroying our living culture due to overcriminalization. In order to avoid these side effects and effectively prevent sexual crimes, the purpose of committing conspiracy and preparat... 최근 특히 아동을 대상으로 직접적인 강요나 협박이 없이 성적 행동을 자연스럽게 받아들이게 하여 성적 접촉을 한 사건들이 사회적으로 문제되면서, ‘그루밍 범죄’라는 개념이 사용되고 있다. 그러나 형사법 영역에서 ‘그루밍 범죄’란 무엇인지에 대하여는 명확히 밝혀져 있지 않다. 이 글에서는 인접 학문 영역에서 연구된 ‘그루밍’의 개념을 살피고, 형사법 영역에서 ‘그루밍 범죄’라는 개념이 세 가지의 다른 의미로 사용되고 있음을 밝힌다. ① 그루밍을 범죄화하여야 한다는 주장에서는 ‘그루밍’을, 관계를 성적으로 만들기 이전 ‘신뢰를 쌓는 단계 자체’의 의미로 사용한다. ② 그루밍의 고유한 논의 영역으로 여겨지는 ‘그루밍 범죄’는 그루밍 방법을 사용한 비폭력적 성적 접촉으로, 위계나 위력에 의한 성범죄를 말하는 것이며, ③ 마지막으로 ‘그루밍 방법이 선행된 폭력적인 성적 접촉’이 있는데, 이는 기존 성폭력범죄의 동기나 수법에 불과한 것이어서 본질적인 의미에서의 그루밍 범죄라고 볼 수 없다. ①을 범죄화한 대표적인 법적 규제로는 영국의 성범죄법이 있다. 한국에서는 ②의 경우 기존의 형사법 구성요건을 통하여 어느 정도 규율하고 있었으나, 그루밍 자체를 범죄화하려는 시도는 성공하지 못하였었다. 그런데 이른바 ‘N번방 사건’의 영향으로, 2020. 5. 및 6.의 법률개정을 통하여 형사법에 폭행과 협박 외에도 위계를 수단으로 하는 성범죄의 예비음모죄가 신설되기에 이르렀다. 그리고 2020. 8. 27. 대법원이 ‘위계에 의한 간음죄’에 대한 기존의 판례를 변경하면서, 위계의 대상에는 간음행위에 이르게 된 동기이거나 간음행위와 결부된 금전적 및 비금전적 대가와 같은 요소도 널리 포함되게 되었다. 따라서 위에서 본 성범죄의 예비음모죄의 신설과 대법원의 판례 변경으로 인하여, ①의 그루밍 그 자체도 실행착수에 이르지 않은 범죄의 준비행위로서 가벌영역에 포함되게 되었다. 그런데 그루밍 그 자체는 일반적인 사람들이 친분을 쌓는 과정과 구별할 수 없으며, 예비음모죄에서 대법원이 제시한 것과 같은 위계와 성행위 간의 인과관계의 단절을 적용하기도 어렵다. 결국 현행법과 현행판례 하에서는 피고인이 미필적으로나마 어떠한 성적 목적이 있었다고 인정되기만 한다면, 성범죄의 예비음모죄를 적용받을 가능성이 열리게 된 것이다. 이는 어떠한 생각을 가진 것만으로 처벌하는 심정형법으로 흐를 위험성이 있고, 과잉범죄화로 인하여 생활세계의 문화를 파괴할 가능성이 있다. 이러한 부작용을 피하면서도 성범죄를 효과적으로 방지하기 위하여는 성범죄의 예비음모죄에서의 기본범죄를 범할 목적에 대한 축소해석이 필요하다.

한국 성인의 단백질 섭취량 추이 및 적절성 평가: 2010 ~ 2019년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용하여

함현지,하경호 대한지역사회영양학회 2022 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.27 No.1

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate dietary protein intake and its adequacy among Korean adults during recent 10 years. Methods: Based on the 2010 ~ 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data, a total of 51,296 adults aged 19 years old or more who participated in a one-day 24-hr dietary recall were included. Dietary protein intake was estimated as percentages of total energy (% of energy) and grams per body weight (g/kg/ day) and compared with the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans to evaluate the adequacy of protein intake. In addition, proportions of people whose protein intakes were less than the estimated average requirement (EAR) and above the upper limit of the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) (> 20% of energy) were calculated according to sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Protein intake was increased from 14.7% of energy in 2010 to 15.6% of energy in 2019 among Korean adults. However, there was no increase in protein intake relative to the recommended nutrient intake (% RNI) during the recent 10 years. Protein intake relative to the RNI was decreased from 130.2% in 2010 to 121.1% in 2019 (P for trend < 0.0001) among total participants, and a significant decreasing trend was observed in all age groups except for over 65 years old. However, protein intake relative to the RNI was lowest in the elderly (98.6%). Proportions of low protein intake (< EAR) and high protein intake (> AMDR) increased in the past 10 years (P for trend < 0.0001 for all), and these were associated with socioeconomic statuses, such as education and household income levels. Conclusions: These findings suggest that protein adequacy in Korean adults has not been improved over the past decade compared with recommended levels. Nutritional education and intervention programs should consider different intake levels according to sociodemographic characteristics.

사용자 소비 패턴 분석을 위한 TIZEN 기반의 가계부 설계 및 구현

김지현(Kim Jee Hyun),이상은(Lee Sang Eun),함현지(Ham Hyun Ji),이지인(Lee Ji In),이미정(Lee Mee Jeong),김태완(Kim Tae Wan) 한국통신학회 2016 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.11