수족관내에서 스코리아에 의한 용존 무기질소, 용존 무기인의 제거 특성

이영식 ( Young-sik Lee ),한형균 ( Hyung-gyun Han ),정정조 ( Cheong-jo Cheong ) 한국환경기술학회 2013 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.14 No.4

스코리아가 용존 무기질소, 용존 무기인의 제거 및 수족관내 질소와 인의 농도 개선에 미치는 영향에 대하여 기초적인 사항을 검토하였다. 흡착실험에서 스코리아를 첨가해도 NO3-N, PO4-P의 농도에는 거의 변화가 없어, 스코리아가 직접 NO₃-N, PO₄-P를 흡착하지는 않는 것으로 보인다. 그러나 스코리아를 첨가한 수족관내에서는 NO₃-N, PO₄-P의 농도가 일반 자갈보다 낮게 나타났다. 붉은색 계통의 스코리아는 따뜻하고 밝은 자연상태의 분위기를 연출할 수 있어 수질개선 뿐만아니라 관상용 수족관의 바닥 재료로서 활용가치는 기존의 일반 자갈보다 훨씬 높아 보인다. The removal efficiency of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphate (DIP) by scoria in freshwater was investigated in a batch reactor and small aquarium. The addition of scoria had no effects on the concentrations of NO₃-N and PO₄-P, but those of NO₃-N and PO₄-P in the aquarium were lower than when normal gravel was added. Red scoria in particular was considered to have a higher value than normal gravel because it can also be used to create a warm and bright visual image when used as the packing material at the bottom of an aquarium in addition to its role in improving water quality.

미꾸리 양식장에서 퇴적물의 이화학적 특성

이영식 ( Young-sik Lee ),한형균 ( Hyung-gyun Han ),임상구 ( Sang-gu Lim ),김광석 ( Kwang-seog Kim ),정정조 ( Cheong-jo Cheong ) 한국환경기술학회 2013 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.14 No.5

미꾸리 논 생태 양식이 친환경 양식인지를 알아보기 위해 논, 미꾸리 논 생태 양식장, 일반 지수식 양식장, 미생물 사료로 양식하는 지수식 양식장을 대상으로 함수율, 강열감량, 화학적 산소요구량, 산휘발성 황화물을 조사하였다. 함수율은 논과 논 생태 양식장보다 기존의 지수식 양식장과 미생물 지수식 양식장에서 높게 조사되었다. 강열감량과 화학적 산소요구량은 논과 논 생태 양식장에서는 높게 조사되었으며, 양식장별 큰 차이는 없었다. 그리고 산 휘발성 황화물은 논과 논 생태 양식장(p=.999), 지수식 양식장과 미생물 지수식 양식장간(p=.787)에 서로 비슷하였다. 그러나 논과 논 생태 양식장보다 지수식 양식장과 미생물 지수식 양식장에서 아주 높게 조사되어(p<.059), 논에서 벼와 함께 미꾸리를 양식하는 논 생태 양식은 수질이나 퇴적물 환경에 미치는 영향은 거의 없어 친환경 양식기법으로 보인다. 미생물 지수식 양식은 약간의 퇴적물 환경개선에 효과가 있을 수 있으나, 기대한 만큼 큰 효과는 없어보인다. 그리고 기존의 지수식 양식에서 높은 강열감량, 화학적 산소요구량, 산휘발성 황화물은 과잉의 사료가 주요원인으로 보이며 이에 대한 대책이 필요해 보인다. To determine whether the culture of loaches in paddy fields is ecofriendly, the water content (WT), ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) concentration of sediments were determined in four types of farms: paddy field (PF), paddy field with rice and loach (PFRL), inland fish farm using artificial diet (IFFAD), and inland fish farm using microorganisms diet (IFFMD). The WT was higher at PF and PFRL than at IFFAD and IFFMD. The IL and COD at PF and PFRL were similar to those at IFFAD and IFFMD because of the small rice roots in the paddy field. The AVS concentrations at PF and PFRL (p=.999) and at IFFAD and IFFMD (p=.787) were similar to each other, but the concentration at PFRL was clearly lower than at IFFAD. In other words, the paddy field culture system seemed to be ecofriendly and beneficial for water quality and benthic ecosystems. The microorganism diet had little effect on sediment quality. The high IL, COD, and AVS concentrations in traditional inland fish farms using an artificial diet seemed to be due to excess food provided by the farmer.

미꾸리 논 생태양식에서 벼와 미꾸리의 밀도가 수질환경, 미꾸리 및 벼의 생산성에 미치는 영향

이영식 ( Young-sik Lee ),한형균 ( Hyung-gyun Han ),임상구 ( Sang-gu Lim ),김광석 ( Kwang-seog Kim ),강언종 ( Eon-jong Kang ),정정조 ( Cheong-jo Cheong ) 한국환경기술학회 2014 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.15 No.4

논에서 벼와 함께 자연 먹이를 이용하여 미꾸리를 양식할 경우 벼의 식재 및 미꾸리의 양식 밀도가 서로간의 증식에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보기 위해 수질, 미꾸리 성장도 및 벼의 생산량을 조사하였다. pH와 DO는 식물플랑크톤의 대량 증식으로 그 변동 폭은 일반 호수와 비교해 크게 나타났으며, 영양염 중에서 NH₄-N와 PO₄-P는 일반 호수와 비교해 높게 나타났으며, 그 외는 비슷하게 조사되었다. 미꾸리 밀도실험에서 미꾸리의 성장도는 미꾸리의 밀도가 낮을수록 높게 나타났으나, 벼의 생산량은 미꾸리의 밀도와는 큰 차이 없이 비슷하게 조사되었다. 벼 밀도 실험에서 미꾸리의 성장도는 벼 식재 밀도가 30>40>20㎝ 순으로 크게 나타났으나, 벼의 생산량은 벼 식재 밀도가 20, 30, 40㎝에서 각각 1.12, 0.80, 0.65 kg/m²로 조사되어, 벼 식재 밀도가 높을수록 벼의 생산량은 높게 나타났다. We investigated the effects of rice and loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) densities on loach growth, rice production, and water quality in paddy fields. In comparison with lakes, fluctuations in pH and dissolved oxygen differed significantly in paddy fields, which may be attributed to significantly higher phytoplankton growth and dissolved nutrient levels (NH₄-N and PO₄-P). Loach growth rates were higher when the density was lower; variations in loach density had no significant effect on rice production. Loach growth rate increased in the following rice density order: 30, 40, and 20 cm. Total rice production increased with increasing rice density, and total rice production values were 1.12, 0.80, and 0.65 kg/m² with rice densities of 20, 30, and 40 cm, respectively.

Cochlodinium polykrikoides 적조발생에 있어 증식촉진물질의 기원과 지하해수의 수질

이영식 ( Young Sik Lee ),김윤빈 ( Yoon Bin Kim ),한형균 ( Hyung Gyun Han ) 한국환경과학회 2012 한국환경과학회지 Vol.21 No.9

Ground seawater quality was investigated, and the algal growth potential (AGP) tests were performed along the Tongyeong coast to examine the inflow of materials, which is needed for the red tide species Cochlodinium polykrikoides to grow. The study was conducted to determine the mechanism for C. polykrikoidesred tides. Water temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged from 16.05 to 20.74°C, 18.20 to 32.11psu, 6.00 to 7.61, and 3.41 to 7.91 mg/L (41.4-96.1%), respectively. No seasonal variation was observed in water temperature. The salinity, pH, and DO saturations at most stations were lower than those of coastal seawater at Tongyeong. The NH4+-N, NO2+3-N, PO43-P concentrations ranged from 0.43 to 16.00μM, 1.50 to 132.38μM, and 1.30 to 6.29μM, respectively; the values at some stations were much higher than observed in Tongyeong coast seawater. Using seawater from station B, C. polykrikoides grew consistently, with a high growth rate, similar to the red tide in nature. This seawater appeared to contain materials needed by C. polykrikoides to grow. Therefore, C. polykrikoides red tides seem to occur wherever the ground sea water contains materials that are needed for its growth.

동자개 치어 성장에 있어 pH, 암모니아 및 아질산의 급성독성

이영식 ( Young-sik Lee ),손상규 ( Sang-gyu Sohn ),한형균 ( Hyung-gyun Han ),이주용 ( Joo-yong Lee ),강언종 ( Eon-jong Kang ),정정조 ( Cheong-jo Cheong ) 한국환경기술학회 2014 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.15 No.4

동자개 폐사 원인구명 및 바이오플락 시스템의 운용을 위해 동자개 치어의 pH, 아질산 및 암모니아에 대한 급성 독성 수준을 공기를 주입하지 않는 회분식 수조에서 검토하였다. 산성인 pH 3.52에서 1일후에 15.4%가 폐사하였으며 3일째에는 53.8%가 폐사하였다. 알칼리성인 pH 9.93에서 4일째 15.4%가 폐사하였고, 10.40에서는 2일째에 모두 폐사하였다. NO₂^-의 농도가 16.49 ㎎/L에서 2일 노출시켰을 경우 20%가 폐사하였으며, 4일째에 30%가 폐사하였다. 그리고 그 농도가 181.54 ㎎/L에서는 12시간 노출에 약 70%가 폐사하였다. NH₃의 경우 그 농도가 1.66 ㎎NH₃/L에서는 실험 4일째에 20%가 폐사하였으며, 3.11 ㎎NH3/L에서는 3일째에 100% 폐사하였다. NO₂^-에 대한 96hr-LC₅₀은 15.14 ㎎/L, NH₃에 대한 96hr-LC₅₀은 2.04 ㎎/L였다. 바이오플락시스템의 물 만들기 과정 및 일반 양식장에서 동자개의 폐사방지를 위해 아질산농도를 가능한 낮은 농도로 엄격히 제어해야 할 필요성이 있었다. To determine the optimal conditions for operating a biofloc aquaculture system for the culture of banded catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco), we investigated the toxicity of pH, un-ionized ammonia, and nitrite concentrations on the survival of juvenile banded catfish under batch conditions of no aeration. At a pH of 3.52, there was 15.4% and 53.8% mortality after 1 and 3 days of exposure, respectively. At pH values of 9.93 and 10.40, mortality was 15.4% and 100% after 4 and 2 days of exposure, respectively. When the NO₂^- concentration was 16.49 mg/L, mortality was 20% and 30% after 2 and 4 days, respectively, and 70% of juvenile banded cat fish died within 12 hours of exposure to 181.54 mg/L NO₂^-. When the un-ionized ammonia concentration was 1.66 mg NH₃/L, the catfish experienced 20% mortality within 4 days of exposure. There was 100% mortality within 3 days of exposure to 3.11 mg NH₃/L. The 96-h LC₅₀ values (17℃) for NO₂^-and NH₃ were 15.14 and 2.04 mg/L, respectively. These results indicate that low concentrations of NO₂^-(<15.14 mg/L) need to be maintained in biofloc and general aquaculture systems to prevent banded catfish mortality.

생태양식에서 미꾸리 치어에 대한 pH, 암모니아 및 아질산의 급성독성

이영식 ( Young-sik Lee ),손상규 ( Sang-gyu Sohn ),한형균 ( Hyung-gyun Han ),이주용 ( Joo-yong Lee ),강언종 ( Eon-jong Kang ),정정조 ( Cheong-jo Cheong ) 한국환경기술학회 2014 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.15 No.5

미꾸리의 생태양식에서 미꾸리 치어(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)의 급성독성에 미치는 pH, 암모니아 및 아질산 농도에 대하여 검토하였다. 미꾸리 치어는 pH 9.50에서 폐사율이 10%였으며, pH 9.93에서는 12 시간 이내에 100%가 폐사하였다. pH 4.5에서는 4일 이내에 25%가 폐사하였다. 암모니아의 농도가 192.86 ㎎/L(pH: 7.45) 이하에서는 폐사는 없었지만, 암모니아의 농도가 401.14, 565.71 ㎎/L에서 노출시간이 8일에서 각각 10, 20%가 폐사하였다. pH 8.60에서는 암모니아의 농도가 25.05 ㎎/L에는 4일 노출시켰을 때 7.7%가 폐사하였으며, 암모니아의 농도가 35.78 ㎎/L에서는 실험 4일에 미꾸리가 100% 폐사하였다. NO₂^-의 농도가 33.35 mg/L 이하에서 폐사는 없었으며, 46.29 ㎎/L에서는 3일 노출시켰을 경우 30%가 폐사하였다. 그리고 NH₃, NO₂^-에 대한 96hr-LC₅₀은 2.89와 590.06 mg/L로 나타났다. To establish techniques for culturing loaches in paddy fields, we investigated the acute toxicity for pH, ammonia, and nitrite on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). At a pH of 9.50, loach mortality was 10% for the entire duration of the experiment (10 days); however, at a pH of 9.93, 100% mortality was experienced within 12 h of exposure. At a pH of 4.5, there was 25% mortality, after 4 days of exposure. No loach mortality was observed at an ammonia concentration of 192.86 mg/L and a pH of 7.45 for the entire duration of the experiment. At ammonia concentrations of 401.14 and 565.71 mg/L, there was 10% and 20% mortality, respectively, after 8 days of exposure. At an ammonia concentration of 25.05 mg/L and pH of 8.60, there was 7.7% mortality after 4 days of exposure. Mortality was 100% after 4 days of exposure with 35.78 mg/L ammonia at pH 8.60. No loach mortality was observed at NO₂^- concentrations <33.35 mg/L. At an NO₂^- concentration of 46.29 mg/L, there was 30% mortality after 3 days of exposure. The 96-h LC₅₀ values for NH₃ and NO₂^- were 2.89 and 590.06 mg/L, respectively.

오존발생기와 저온 유전체장벽 플라즈마를 이용한 오존 발생 및 살균력

이영식 ( Young Sik Lee ),전형주 ( Hyoung Joo Jeon ),한형균 ( Hyung Gyun Han ),정정조 ( Cheong Jo Cheong ) 한국환경과학회 2013 한국환경과학회지 Vol.22 No.8

Ozone concentrations in water and air, and resulting disinfective properties, were measured following generation by either an ozone generator or a low-temperature dielectric barrier discharge plasma generator. In freshwater, ozone concentrations of 0.81 and 0.48 mg/L O3 were observed after the ozone and plasma generators had been operated for five minutes, respectively. Higher levels of dissolved O3 were attained more easily with the ozone generator. In seawater, both systems were capable of creating concentrations greater than 3.00 mg/L O3 after 5minutes of operation. Higher ozone levels were attained more easily in seawater than in freshwater. Rates of bacterial sterilization in seawater after three minutes were 96% and 88%, using the plasma and ozone generators, respectively. In freshwater, higher concentrations of ozone were released into the atmosphere by the ozone generator than by the plasma generator. In creating equivalent levels of dissolved ozone in freshwater, the plasma generator released 4.5 times more ozone into the atmosphere than did the ozone generator. This shows that ozone generators are more effective than plasma generators for creating ozonated water. For the same concentration of dissolved ozone in seawater, more ozone was released into the atmosphere using the ozone generator than using the plasma generator. Therefore, with regard to air pollution, plasma generators seem to be less expensive than ozone generators.

저온 유전체장벽 플라즈마로 생성된 해수중의 오존농도 변동과 살균 특성

이영식 ( Young Sik Lee ),김윤빈 ( Yoon Bin Kim ),김광석 ( Kwang Seog Kim ),한형균 ( Hyung Gyun Han ) 한국환경과학회 2012 한국환경과학회지 Vol.21 No.10

We studied the ozone concentrations generated by low-temperature dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor after adding air and phytoplankton to control the ozone concentrations in seawater. We also examined the numbers of bacteria and Vibrio spp. after treatment using the plasma reactor. As the airflow rate was increased, more ozone was removed. Although marked variation in the ozone decrease was observed with and without airflow, the rate of ozone removal did not increase proportionately with the airflow rates. The ozone concentration decreased with increasing organic matter and time. The amount of organic matter seems to be an important factor decreasing the dissolved ozone concentration in liquid. The ozone concentration was 0.07, 0.32, 1.28, and 2.3 mg/L when operating the plasma reactor for 30, 60, 180, and 300 s, respectively; i.e., the ozone concentration increased with the reactor operating time. The initial numbers of bacteria and Vibrio spp. were 800 and 480 CFU/mL, respectively. After operating the plasma reactor at a flow rate of 6 L/min for 30 s, no bacteria or Vibrio spp. were detected. The disinfection effect of this plasma reactor seems to be superior to that of a conventional ozone generator.

강도다리, Platichthys stellatus의 난발생과 자치어의 형태발달

변순규 ( Soon Gyu Byun ),이배익 ( Bae Ik Lee ),이종하 ( Jong Ha Lee ),구학동 ( Hak Dong Ku ),박상언 ( Sang Un Park ),윤성민 ( Seong Min Yun ),황선영 ( Seon Young Hwang ),김이청 ( Yi Cheong Kim ),한형균 ( Hyung Gyun Han ) 한국어류학회 2007 韓國魚類學會誌 Vol.19 No.4