지자체를 이끈 쾰른(Köln) 시장 콘라트 아데나워(Konrad Adenauer)

한해정 한국서양사학회 2024 西洋史論 Vol.- No.160

콘라트 아데나워는 서독의 초대 총리로서 한국에 잘 알려져 있다. 그러나 그가 쾰른 시장을 오랫동안 역임한 인물로서 1920년대 위대한 시장들 가운데 한명이었다는 점은 한국에서 그리 부각되지 않고 있다. 1차 세계대전 중에 쾰른 시장으로 선출되어 1933년 해임될 때까지 평탄치 않은 시기에 아데나워는 쾰른의 위상을 널리 알린 시장이었다. 본 연구는 시장 아데나워가 추진한 활동에 초점을 맞춰 지방자치단체장으로서의그를 소개하고 평가하는데 목표를 두었다. 아데나워가 독일에서 손꼽히는 시장이될 수 있었던 이유는 위기의 시기에 상황을 직시하고 지자체를 이끌어갔다는 점에서 찾을 수 있다. 그의 행보는 시의회의 세력변화 속에서 평가할 수 있다. 특히사회민주주의자들과의 관계변화는 주목할 만하다. 시의회 세력을 계산에 넣은 아데나워의 시정활동은 비판받기도하고 기회주의적이라고 평가받을 수 있다. 그러나 다른 한편 그가 민심의 척도라고 할 수 있는 시의회의 존재를 잊지 않은 시장이었다는 점도 확인할 수 있다. As the first prime minister of West Germany, Konrad Adenauer is well known in Korea. But what is not known is that he was one of the great mayors of Germany in the 1920s. During World War I, Adenauer was elected mayor of Cologne until his dismissal in 1933. In the hard times, he was the mayor who made Cologne's status widely known. This study focused on mayor Adenauer’s activities, to introduce and evaluate him as the head of a municipal government. The reason why he was able to become one of the leading mayors in Germany was that he faced the situation head-on and led the municipal government during a time of chaos. His activities were closely related to power changes in the city-council. In particular, the change in relationships with social democrats is noteworthy. Adenauer's municipal activities, which took into account the power of the city-council, were criticized and could be evaluated as opportunistic. However, the study also confirms that Adenauer did not forget the existence of the city-council, which can be said to be a barometer of public sentiment.

1920년 ‘대-베를린(Groß-Berlin)’ 만들기와 공공의 후생복지

한해정 한국서양사학회 2022 西洋史論 Vol.- No.154

This article deals with the creation of ‘Greater-Berlin’ and the expansion of public welfare. The efforts to integrate Berlin with its suburbs bore fruit in 1920, after the First World War. The unified city, ‘Greater-Berlin’ thus became a meaningful testing-ground. Greater-Berlin was a municipal government that represented an experiment involving public welfare. The municipality had to provide public services and reduce social disparities between districts. The change in the Berlin city-council is worth noting here. Due to general suffrage and a heavy poll, Social Democrats had dominant positions in the city-council, which elected mayors and municipal-magistrates. The situations were then able to improve public services. In this way, Greater-Berlin served as a testing-ground for municipal-socialism. 이 논문은 ‘대-베를린’ 만들기 과정과 대-베를린에서 후생복지가 이전과 달라졌음을 소개하고 있다. 베를린과 주변지역들을 통합하려는 오랜 노력은 1차 대전을 겪은 후 1920년 대-베를린 출범으로 실현되었다. 대-베를린은 의미 있는 실험장이었다. 지역 간 존재했던 격차를 줄이고 공공서비스를 제공해야 하는 후생복지의 실험장이었으며, 지방자치를 보여줄 실험장이었다. 여기서 시장과 시행정위원회를선출하는 시의회의 구성변화는 주목할 만하다. 보통선거제와 유권자의 높은 투표율 결과, 시의회에서 사회민주주의 진영이 우위를 점할 수 있었기 때문이다. 이러한 변화 속에 대-베를린은 후생복지를 확대시키는 시정사회주의의 실험장이 될수 있었다.

정해본, 『독일현대사회경제사』 (서울: 느티나무, 2004), 478 p.

한해정 한국독일사학회 2004 독일연구 Vol.- No.8

서양과 한국의 근대여성운동, 그리고 근화여학교

한해정 덕성여자대학교 인문과학연구소 2018 인문과학연구 Vol.27 No.-

This article analyzes the women’s movement of the first stage in the West andKorea. In England and the U. S. A, the women’s movement was focused on theeducation, social reforms, the property rights and political rights etc. At the turnof the century, the ‘New Women’ campaigned the movement for suffrage. The ‘New Women’ in the colonial Korea also led the women’s movement. Theywere generally educated in missionary schools. After the March 1st Movement,the activities of the New Women were noticeable. Among the New Women therewere educators, social reformers and socialists. For example, the Joseon WomenEducation Association was established by the New Women. Cha Melissa was aleader of the association. She and teammates ran a night-school(1920). It hasdeveloped into Kunwha Women’s School(1925), and the school has bred up theNew Women. The members of the Joseon Women Education Association and theKunwha Women’s School were different ideologically. But in the 1920s colonialKorea, they did the movement for the women’s freedom together(ex: Kunuhoe). They realized their position. And they tried to expand the activities to improvethe women’s social status. 본고에서는 근화여학교를 통해 한국 근대여성운동의 일면을 평가했다. 이를 위해우선 서양의 제1기 여성운동을 영국과 미국의 사례로 살폈다. 이 시기 서양의 여성운동은 교육, 재산권, 사회개혁, 참정권 등에 관심을 두고 진행되었다. 특히 세기전환기경 참정권 운동을 펼쳐간 여성운동가들은 ‘신여성’에 속했다. 식민지 한국에서도 ‘신여성’들이 등장하고 있었다. 이들은 대체로 기독교관련 학교교육을 받거나 외국유학을 한 여성들로 한국의 제1기 여성운동을 이끌었다. 무엇보다 3 1운동 이후 1920년대는 교육과 사회개혁을 추구한 여성운동에서 사회주의여성운동까지 신여성들의 활동이 두드러진 때이다. 차미리사가 이끈 조선여자교육회는 이때 만들어진 신여성들의 조직이다. 여기서 운영한 야학은 근화여학교(1925)로 발전해 또 다른 신여성들을 배출했다. 조선여자교육회나 근화여학교와 관련된 신여성들은 이념적으로 서로 다른 성향을 보였다. 그러나 이들은 근우회처럼 한 조직으로 통합을 꾀하면서 여성운동을 전개하는 특징을 보이기도 하며, 식민지에서의 시대인식을 갖고 가정을 넘어 사회로 활동영역을 넓혀가고 있었다.

한국 여성체육에서 학교 운동부의 활약 : 덕성여고를 중심으로

한해정 국민대학교 한국학연구소 2020 한국학논총 Vol.54 No.-

The purpose of this article is to examine the role of school athletic clubs in Korean women’s sports history. This study focuses on Duksung Girls’ High School(formerly known as Kunwha Women’s School). Main materials for the analysis are newspapers and school magazines. From the Japanese colonial period to 1990, girl’s school athletic clubs were playing an active part in Korean sports in four stages. In colonial Korea, a small number of girls learned sports in the women’s school class and school athletic clubs. Kunwha had sports clubs, too. Girl’s school athletic clubs participated in sports festivals which could open the way a few girls to become professional sports-women after graduation. After the liberation and in the 1950s, school girls winners of national athletic games began to enter the international games. Since the 1960s, the government actively promoted sports in schools for fostering players. Duksung was one of the typical examples. Duksung supported school athletic clubs, and produced excellent players who could be youth- and national team players. But the establishment of physical education schools, the emergence of popular sports, the more importance of going to University and the lack of student-players had an effect on these clubs. Eventually the last club of Duksung Girls’ High School was disbanded in 1990. Since the Japanese colonial period, athletic clubs of girl’s schools had fostered elite-sports women. These clubs are worth considering in the development of Korean women’s sports. And hope to remember the sweat of the club team-members. 이 글은 덕성여고 운동부를 통해 한국여성체육사에서 학교 운동부의 역할을밝히는데 목적을 둔다. 신문, 교지, 학교사 자료를 토대로, 일제강점기 ‘근화’라는 교명을 가졌던 때부터 1990년 덕성여고 농구부가 해체될 때까지 4단계로 구분해 조사했다. 일제강점기, 1945~1960년, 1960~1970년대, 1980년대 이후, 이렇게 4단계로 시기 구분한 이유는 덕성여고 운동부의 활약상을 특징적으로 보여줄 뿐 아니라 이를 통해 한국여성체육발전에서 여고 운동부의 역할을 확인할수 있기 때문이다. 일제강점기 소수 선택받은 여성들의 활동이던 체육과 운동부 활동은 차세대여성전문가를 배출하는 역할을 했다는 점에서 의미를 지닌다. 해방 이후에는 다양한 종목에서 출중한 기량을 보인 여학교 학생선수들이 국가대표가 되어 국제대회에 나가기 시작했다. 1960년대 이후 국가의 체육육성정책은 여학교 운동부육성에도 영향을 끼쳐 청소년대표와 국가대표선수를 배출시켰다. 덕성여고 운동부는 그 전형적인 예의 하나였다. 그러나 엘리트스포츠를 육성하는 전문학교가 등장하고, 인기종목의 변화 등의 이유로 운동부는 1980~1990년대 들어 위기를 맞이했다. 시대마다 모습은 달라도, 여학교 운동부는 엘리트스포츠인을 발굴하고 키워가는 장이었다는 점에서 역사적으로 조명될 필요가 있다. 동시에 운동부원들의 애환도 고려되길 바란다.

독일제국 시기 시립박물관 설립과 박물관정책 - 베를린의 메르키쉬 지방박물관을 중심으로 -

한해정 한국독일사학회 2014 독일연구 Vol.- No.27

This paper deals with the history of ‘City Museums’ in the German Empire, especially the first city museum in Berlin, ‘Märkisches Provinzial-Museum (Provincial Museum of the March)’. The city museum that selected and exhibited relics of hometown past was one of the public facilities. How was the city museum established and managed? And did the museum take the appropriate policies for the public? My purpose is to examine whether the city museum was supposed to open to the public and how to fulfill this purpose. City Museums had been built from the second half of the nineteenth century, especially after the Unification(1871). The ‘Märkisches Provinzial-Museum’ opened in 1874. In a society that had undergone rapid industrialization and urbanization, the well-educated people and the history associations became interested in the local history. E. Friedel who was a Berlin administrative assistant and a member of the history associations was the first director of the ‘Märkisches Provincial-Museum’. The city museum as a public facility pursued educational intentions for every resident and the popularization of the museum. Various groups from a german emperor to labourer had interest in the museum collection plan, so they had donated gifts to the city museum. But the donation policy classified donators into many times-donators or not. The people who have time and money were able to participate in field-surveys. Some visitor-guidelines of the museum (ex. entrance-time, age-limit, neatly-dressed) were the obstacles to popularizing of the museum. So only some city-dwellers visited the museum. For these reasons, I conclude that the ‘Märkisches Provinzial-Museum’ in the German Empire was not a popular public facility.

手工業者와 독일초기 노동운동

한해정 德成女子大學校 人文科學大學 史學科 1990 史浪 Vol.5 No.-

일제강점기 독일유학 한인들의 독일인식

한해정 한국독일사학회 2019 독일연구 Vol.- No.42

이 논문은 1차 세계대전 이후 나치 시기까지 독일로 유학한 식민지 지식인들의 독일인식을 분석하고 있다. 일제강점기에 독일인식은 유학생들이한국에 보낸 글과 귀국 후 회고, 설문 등이 실린 잡지 및 일간지를 중심으로 조사되었다. 일제강점기 독일로의 유학은 의외로 일본과 독일관계가 좋지 않았던 바이마르공화국 시기에 활발히 이루어졌다. 바이마르 공화국 시기 독일은 유학생들에게 매력적인 곳이었다. 독일은 저렴한 비용으로 유학할 수 있었던곳이자 배일감정을 공유한 곳이었고, 사회주의 운동을 비롯해 정치활동의실험장이었다. 이곳에서 유학생들은 전후 정치적 혼란과 경제위기를 이겨내는 독일인의 국민성을 보았고, 공화국을 지키려는 청년들의 기개를 느낄수 있었다. 이러한 독일의 국민성에 대해 유학생들은 조국의 재기를 위해본받아야할 것으로 한국에 소개했다. 국민성은 나치 시기에도 독일유학 지식인들 사이에서 높이 평가받았던 요소였다. 차이가 있다면, 바이마르공화국에서 국민성은 전후 위기의 독일을 재기시킬 수 있던 힘인 반면, 나치 시기에는 히틀러와 나치로 대변되어 전쟁을 이끄는 힘이 되었다. 일독관계가동맹체제로 바뀌고 2차 세계대전이 전개되면서 독일의 이미지는 그에 따라전이되어 식민지에서 소개되었다. This article aims to examine the recognition about Germany under the Japanese colonial period, focused on Koreans educated in the Republic and Nazi Germany. The analysis-sources are magazines and newspapers, to which Koreans studying in Germany contributed and after their return Korea did. After the first World War, the German-Japanese relationship went to worse. And the Weimar Republic had political and economic crisis. But some Korean students went to Germany. The Weimar Republic was attractive to them. The cost of living was lower than other countries. German people had anti-Japanese feeling. And Germany was the testing ground for political systems and ideologies. There, the Korean students were impressed by the German national character that could overcome the crisis. They informed the colonized homeland of the German national character which was worth to learn for the Korean Independence. The national character under the Nazi also was praised by the Koreans educated in Germany. In the Weimar Republic, the German national character was introduced as a power to overcome the post-war crisis, while in the Nazi regime, that was introduced as a power to go for a victory of war. The image of Germany in colonial Korea has been changed in the line with the German-Japanese new alliance-system.

독일 도시사(Urban History) 연구의 역사

한해정 ( Hai-jung Han ) 덕성여자대학교 인문과학연구소 2009 인문과학연구 Vol.12 No.-

Interest in urban history is increasing in Korea. The foundation of the Urban History Society as a branch of history studies in 2008 shows this tendency loud and clear. This article aims to show how the urban history research in Germany has been developed from the late 19th century up to the present. Between the late 19th century to the early 20th century, it concentrated on the research of the contemporary cities with their urbanization. The members of the so-called School of Younger Economic Historians and the local history associations were the leading forerunners of the urban history research. The further scientific development of German urban history was halted by the anti-urbanism of National Socialism. However, a mass of information about urban history supported by the accumulation of various statistical materials and the establishment of city archives during this period. Especially city archives made a great contribution to urban history through the investigation and collection of historical records. The urban history research came to flourish with the effect of social history after the Second World War. Institutes for urban history and research groups emerged in 1970’s. There has been a big increase in the number of theses and dissertation topics relating to urban history. Another heyday of the urban history research has been anticipated after the reunification of Germany. Relevant institutes have been newly established. International co-work as well as interdisciplinary studies between institutions are being tried in fruit. Existing research institutions, history associations and city archives are also groping for a way to adapt themselves to new conditions, like digital publication and manifold projects. What does the urban history research in Germany suggest to us? Above all, we need augmentation of urban history researches in quality and quantity. Internal and external cooperation with a large numter of social-science disciplines would be required for the systematic and generalized development of urban history. Abundant historical materials concerned with urban history must be secured, which makes it necessary to establish the city records center or archive.

1차 세계대전에 관한 독일-프랑스 공동 역사교과서 분석

韓海貞(Han, Hai-Jung) 역사교육연구회 2015 역사교육 Vol.134 No.-

This article is to analyse the contents and description in the German-French history textbook, ‘Histoire/Geschichte(2008)’, about the First World War. To value the textbook, I took a look at the German history textbooks. I asked, whether in the Histoire/Geschichte(2008) the reconciliation of history between the two countries is pursued, and whether it has limitations. The Histoire/Geschichte(2008) has more detailed explanations on the First World War than the other textbooks. The textbook tells us the violences in the homefront as well as the battlefront, especially the unknown violences and genocide in occupied territories. And the textbook shows us the varied materials. It is remarkable that materials of different perspectives about the war are presented. This presentation-method gives the way to avoid the distorted view, and it can get to the historical truth. In my opinion, the Histoire/Geschichte(2008) overcomes the nationalistic viewpoint, and contributes to reconciliation of history between two countries. However it has some limitations. Many materials of the textbook are based on viewpoints of the great powers. The viewpoints of small nations and colonies are needed.