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Study of the Chemical Composition of Korean Traditional Ceramics (II): Chos$\breve{o}$n Whiteware
고경신,주웅길,안상두,이영은,김규호,이연숙,KohChoo, Carolyn Kyong-Shin,Choo, Woong-Kil,Ahn, Sang-Doo,Lee, Young-Eun,Kim, Gyu-Ho,Lee, Yeon-Sook The Korean Society Of Conservation Science For Cul 2011 보존과학회지 Vol.27 No.1
조선백자에 사용된 재료들에 대한 특성을 연구하기 위하여, 광주관요, 충효동과 다른 4곳의 지방가마에서 출토된 도편들의 태토와 유약의 성분을 분석하고 비교하였다. 조선초기의 백자기술은 고려의 청자기술을 기본적으로 계승하면서, 중국 명대의 백자기술의 영향을 많이 받았다. 광주관요에서 사용한 태토원료는 청자에 사용되었던 도석과 같은데, 다만 철산화물과 티타늄산화물의 함량이 상대적으로 적고, 칼륨산화물의 함량이 높다. 한국과 중국 남부에 풍부하게 존재하는 이러한 원료로 중국의 경질백자와 같은 좋은 질의 백자를 개발할 수 있었다. 반면, 충효동에서는 중국 북부의 요지들에서 사용되었던 고령토를 발견하고 사용함으로써 질이 좋은 경질백자를 개발하였다. 유약에 사용된 용융재는 대체로 석회석이며, 처음에는 태워서 사용하였으나, 점점 빻아서 사용되는 경향이 증가하였다. 유약을 만들 때 용융재와 혼합하는 점토는 글래이즈 스톤이라고 불리는 기본적으로 도석과 같은 광물이다. 태토를 만들 때 사용하는 도석보다, 일반적으로 입자가 더 곱고, 장석함량이 더 높다. 이 논문의 조선백자에 대한 과학기술적인 연구와 비교는 최근에 빠른 속도로 발굴되고 있는 18~19세기의 가마터에도 넓혀져야 할 것이다. The material characteristics of Chos$\breve{o}$n whiteware were investigated by analyzing and comparing the body and glaze compositions of whiteware shards excavated at the Kwangju royal kilns, Ch'unghyodong, and four other local-level kilns. In Korea, the rise of whiteware technology began in the early years of the Chos$\breve{o}$n dynasty, when the indigenous tradition of Kory$\breve{o}$ celadon was strongly influenced by the whiteware aesthetics of the Chinese Ming dynasty. The Kwangju royal kilns eventually made hard-textured whiteware of a quality equivalent to that of the Chinese by using type of porcelain stone that contained slightly less $Fe_2O_3$ and $TiO_2$ and slightly more $K_2O$ than that used for celadon. In contrast, the potters of Ch'unghyodong achieved the same level of quality by finding and using a totally different material: kaolinitic clay. The porcelain stone used at the Kwangju kiln was commonly found in Korea and south China, whereas kaolinitic clay (which has a high aluminum content) was typically found in north China, and was only rarely used in Korea. The flux component of the glaze compositions was mostly limestone, first in burnt form and later in crushed form, and the clay component was often glaze stone, which was a finer-grained porcelain stone with a higher proportion of feldspar. In the future, this comparative analytical study of Korean whiteware components should be extended to the $18^{th}$- and $19^{th}$-century kilns that are currently being excavated at a rapid pace.
고경신,주웅길,안상두,이영은,김규호,이연숙,Koh, Kyong-Shin Carolyn,Choo, Woong-Kil,Ahn, Sang-Doo,Lee, Young-Eun,Kim, Gyu-Ho,Lee, Yeon-Sook The Korean Society Of Conservation Science For Cul 2010 보존과학회지 Vol.26 No.3
중국 도자기에 대한 과학적 연구는 화학적 성분분석을 중심으로 18세기부터 구라파에서 지속적으로 이루어졌으며, 중국내에서는 1950년대부터 시작되었다. 반면에 한국도자기의 경우는 1980년대에 미국과 독일에서 연구가 이루어지고 한국내에서 체계적 연구는 1990년대부터 시작되었다. 이와 같은 도자기 연구는 많은 분석 결과들이 축적됨에 따라 여러 도요지들을 서로 비교하고 중국의 분석 결과와도 비교가 가능하게 되었다. 이 논문에서는 고려청자와 고려백자를 생산도요지와 발굴층위 등에 따라 각각 21그룹과 10그룹으로 나누어서, 성분결과들을 비교 관찰하였다. 각 그룹의 태토와 유약의 성분은 일반적으로 3~5편을 분석하고 그들의 분석값을 평균하였다. 비교 결과에서 한국도자기의 태토는 월주요와 경덕진요와 같은 중국 남방에서 사용되고 있는 운모-석영계의 도석으로 만든 것으로 나타나며, 유약도 중국과 유사하게 점토와 나무재, 그리고 석회석 종류의 용융재를 혼합하여 만든 것으로 추정된다. 특히, 석회석은 처음에 태워서 사용하다가 고려말기에 이르러 분말상태로 사용하는 경우가 많아지는 경향을 보인다. 월주요에서 사용한 유약은 몸체를 만든 태토를 섞은 것에 비하여 강진 청자의 유약은 백자를 만들 수 있는 점토를 사용하였기 때문에, 산화 티타늄의 함량이 현저하게 적게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있다. 이 논문의 방법과 결과들을 토대로 앞으로 이루어질 많은 발굴과 분석 자료들이 계속 축적될 수 있다면 더욱 좋은 비교 연구가 가능 할 것이다. The composition of Chinese ceramic shards has been the subject of analysis in Europe, beginning in the 18th century, and in China from the 1950s. Scientific studies of traditional Korean shards commenced in the United States and Germany in the 1980s, and studies within Korea began in the 1990s. From analysis of a large systematically collected dataset, the composition of porcelain produced during the Kory. dynasty, including 21 celadon and 10 whiteware groups, was characterized and compared with that of Chinese ceramics. The average composition of the body and glaze of several shards (usually three to five) from each group was determined, enabling comparisons between groups. The results show that the majority of groups were derived from mica-quartz porcelain stone, which was commonly used in Yuezhou, Jingdezhen, and other southern Chinese kilns. The composition of glazes includes clay and flux components; the latter were typically wood ash and limestone, initially as burnt but later as crushed forms. The earliest of the Kangjin glazes contained substantially less titanium oxide than did the Yuezhou glazes, which were typically formulated from body material and wood ash. The present study provides a comparative framework for the growing number of analytical investigations associated with excavations occurring in Korea.
반응성 때려내기 방법에 의한 스피넬 형 ZnCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> 박막의 성장과 전기적 물성
송인창,김현중,심재호,김효진,김도진,임영언,주웅길,Song, In-Chang,Kim, Hyun-Jung,Sim, Jae-Ho,Kim, Hyo-jin,Kim, Do-jin,Ihm, Young-Eon,Choo, Woong-Kil 한국재료학회 2003 한국재료학회지 Vol.13 No.8
We report the synthesis of cubic spinel $ZnCo_2$$O_4$thin films and the tunability of the conduction type by control of the oxygen partial pressure ratio. Zinc cobalt oxide films were grown on$ SiO_2$(200 nm)/Si substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering method using Zn and Co metal targets in a mixed Ar/$O_2$atmosphere. We found from X-ray diffraction measurements that the crystal structure of the zinc cobalt oxide films grown under an oxygen-rich condition (the $O_2$/Ar partial pressure ratio of 9/1) changes from wurtzite-type $Zn_{1-x}$ $Co_{X}$O to spinel-type $ZnCo_2$$O_4$with the increase of the Co/Zn sputtering ratio,$ D_{co}$ $D_{zn}$ . We noted that the above structural change accompanied by the variation of the majority electrical conduction type from n-type (electrons) to p-type (holes). For a fixed $D_{co}$ $D_{zn}$ / of 2.0 yielding homogeneous spinel-type $_2$O$ZnCo_4$films, the type of the majority carriers also varied, depending on the$ O_2$/Ar partial pressure ratio: p-type for an $O_2$-rich and n-type for an Ar-rich atmosphere. The maximum electron and hole concentrations for the Zn $Co_2$ $O_4$films were found to be 1.37${\times}$10$^{20}$ c $m^{-3}$ and 2.41${\times}$10$^{20}$ c $m^{-3}$ , respectively, with a mobility of about 0.2 $\textrm{cm}^2$/Vs and a high conductivity of about 1.8 Ω/$cm^{-1}$ /.
Fe / Al₂O₃ / CO 자기 터널링 접합 제작 및 자기수송현상에 관한 연구
최서윤(Seo-Yoon Choi),김효진(Hyojin Kim),조영목(Young-Mok Cho),주웅길(Woong Kil Choo) 한국자기학회 1998 韓國磁氣學會誌 Vol.8 No.1
We have investigated tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) properties of Fe / Al₂O₃/ Co magnetic trilayer junctions sputtered on single-crystal Si(001) substrates. Al₂O₃ layers with thicknesses of 50~200Å were deposited directly on the bottom ferromagnetic layer by a reactive rf sputtering. For comparsion, we prepared Pt/Al₂O₃/Pt tunnel junctions whose current-voltage (I-V) characteristics measured at 300 K indicates that reactively sputtered Al₂O₃ is a particularly good material for thin insulating barriers and allows us to form pinhole-free tunnel barriers. The magnetic tunnel junctions exhibit changes of tunnel resistance of about 0.1 % at 300 K with an applied magnetic field and it was found that most junctions with Co as a top electrode have rather good I-V and TMR characteristics compared to those with Fe as a top electrode. These results were discussed in relation to their interfacial properties on the basis of those for Pt/Al₂O₃/Pt.
심재호(Jae Ho Sim),김효진(Hyojin Kim),김도진(Dojin Kim),임영언(Young Eon Ihm),윤순길(Soon Kil Yoon),김현중(Hyun Jung Kim),주웅길(Woong Kil Choo) 한국자기학회 2005 韓國磁氣學會誌 Vol.15 No.3
We have investigated the effects of Al codoping on the structural, electrical transport, and magnetic properties of oxide diluted magnetic semiconductor Zn_(1-x)Cr_xO thin films prepared by reactive sputtering. Nondoped Zn_(0.99)Cr_(0.01)O thin films show semiconducting transport behavior and weak ferromagnetic characteristic. The Al doping increases the carrier concentration and results in an decrease of resistivity and metal-insulator transition behavior. With increasing carrier concentration, the magnetic properties drastically change, exhibiting a remarkable increase of the saturation magnetization. These results show carrier-enhanced ferromagnetic order in Cr-doped ZnO.