一部 地域의 傷病과 民俗醫療에 關한 調査硏究 : 一干拓地를 中心으로

조화숙 서울大學校 1965 국내석사

청각장애자를 위한 도서관 특수봉사에 관한 연구

조화숙 전주대학교 대학원 1996 국내석사

초등학교 인터넷활용 교수-학습 프로그램 분석

조화숙 부산교육대학교 2000 국내석사

본 연구에서는 우리 나라 초등학교 현장에서 인터넷 활용 프로그램이 어떻게 운영되고 있으며 인터넷이 구체적으로 교수-학습과정에서 어떻게 활용되고 있는가를 밝히기 위해 1998년과 1999년의 전국 15개교 인터넷 활용 연구·시범학교 보고서와 교수-학습안을 분석하였다. 분석에서 적용 학년 및 활용 교과, 활용 목적과 수업목표에 나타난 인지적 학습의 수준, 교수-학습 유형, 활용 환경 및 여건의 요소로 세분한 일반 분석과 인터넷을 수업에 활용하는 방법, 정보활용 유형 및 정보탐색과제의 유형을 준거로 하였다. 그러나 보충적 자료의 확보와 좀더 질적인 분석을 위해 연구시범학교 교사들을 대상으로 설문지를 배부하여 이상의 세 가지 준거와 더불어 인터넷 활용 교수-학습 프로그램에 대한 교사들의 인식 및 장단점과 문제점 등을 분석하여 그 결과를 종합하였다. 전체 20개교에 배부한 설문지의 총수는 150부였으며, 회수된 설문지의 총수는 107부로 그 중 응답이 부실한 11부를 제외한 최종 96부를 분석하였다. 아래의 내용은 15개 인터넷 활용 교수-학습 프로그램 연구·시범학교의 보고서와 148개의 교수-학습안 그리고 20개교의 인터넷 활용 연구·시범학교에 참여했던 교사들을 대상으로 한 설문을 분석한 결과를 요약한 것이다. 첫째, 인터넷 활용 교수-학습 프로그램의 일반적 경향을 살펴보면 우선, 적용학년은 인터넷을 활용하는 목적과 대상, 주제에 따라 차이가 있겠지만 주로 3학년부터 적용되어지며 3학년이 인터넷을 적용하기에 적당한 학년이라 분석되었다. 활용 교과에 있어서는 대부분의 학교와 교사들이 사회교과를 활용하였으며 인터넷 활용목적은 크게 자기주도적 학습능력 신장과 교수-학습의 질향상으로 분석되었는데 교사들의 84.4%는 목표가 달성되었다고 인식하고 있었다. 교수-학습에서의 목표설정면은 보고서에서는 학년별 특성에 따라 설정하며 수업안에서는 대부분 교사와 아동의 상호작용을 통하여 아동스스로 설정하는 것으로 분석되었으나 설문에서는 교사의 제시와 아동스스로의 설정이 절반 가량으로 분석되었다. 활용환경은 기본적인 여건은 갖추어졌으나 실제는 부족한 점이 많은 것으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 인터넷을 수업에 활용하는 방법면에서는 교과의 유형별 특성에 따라 언어적 토의수업, 주제별 검색수업, 문제해결 수업, 탐구수업 등 다양하게 활용되고 있었으며 집단별 특성에 따라서는 소집단학습과 협동학습의 형태로 대부분 활용되었으나 설문에서는 실제 여건만 갖추어진다면 개별학습이 소집단 학습보다 인터넷 활용에 효과적이라는 의견이 조금 더 높게 나왔다. 셋째, 정보활용유형에서는 정보제시형과 정보탐색형이 혼합된 유형이 가장 많이 활용되고 있었으나 자료선정 시 1시간 이상의 사전 준비 시간이 요구되어 교사들에게 부담의 요소로 분석되었다. 정보탐색과제의 경우는 무엇을 찾아야 하는지가 분명하며 컴퓨터에서 그 요소의 구분이 가능한, 적절한 탐색과제가 제시되고 있었다. 넷째, 교사들을 대상으로 한 설문에서는 인터넷 활용 교수-학습을 부담스럽게 여겼으나 본인의 교수-학습능력 향상에 도움이 되어 연구학교에의 재참여를 긍정적으로 고려하는 경향을 보였다. 보고서 결과와 본인의 기대결과와의 일치도를 묻는 설문에서는 50-60%정도의 낮은 일치를 보였으나 단기적인 연구·시범학교의 실시가 장기적, 실질적으로 도움이 된다는 의견이 대부분이었다. 다섯째, 교사들 대부분이 인터넷 활용 교수-학습 프로그램의 장점과 단점을 정확하게 파악하고 있었으며 인터넷 활용 교수-학습 프로그램에 대하여 긍정적으로 인식하였다. 이외에 문제점과 수정 사항 및 제언 등도 제시하여 교사들의 인터넷 활용 교수-학습에의 높은 관심도를 짐작할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과에서 인터넷 활용 교수-학습 프로그램의 운영이 대체로 성공적으로 이루어졌으며 일부 단점이나 개선점이 나타났지만 학생들과 교사자신, 그리고 교수-학습에 도움이 됨을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과해석을 바탕으로 본 논문에서는, 인터넷 활용 프로그램의 운영 및 교수-학습 매체로서의 활용, 결과 보고에 있어서의 제반 문제점 등에 대한 개선점을 제시하였다. 또한 초등학교 교사들과 시도교육청 정책 관계자들이 교육정보화사업에 더욱 많은 관심을 갖고 투자하며 인터넷이 교육매체로써 자리매김할 수 있도록 인터넷 활용 교수-학습 프로그램을 분석한 결과를 바탕으로 운영 및 교수-학습 활용에의 제안점을 제시하였다. The purpose of this study is to examine how Internet programs are used and operated during teaching and learning processes in the field of elementary education. For the purpose, the study raised the following questions. First, what grades, subjects and objectives are having directly to do with teaching and learning programs using the Internet and what academic performance, teaching and learning types and environment and conditions are developed in implementing the programs? Second, what ways can be taken in using the Internet for classes? Third, what types can be employed in the use of information and what tasks should be taken for information search? Fourth, what recognitions are made by teaching and learning programs using the Internet and what advantages and disadvantages do those programs have? The analysis of the study was performed on the bases of 15 reports from experimental schools, drafts of teaching and learning processes and results from the questionnaire survey of teachers. Results of the study are described as follows. First, teaching and learning programs using the Internet were applied mainly to the subject of society for 3rd grade students. They were used with such objectives such as increasing self-oriented learning ability and improving teaching and learning qualities. They also sought academic performance at the level of knowledge under standing and their objectives were decided through interactions between students and teachers. The environment in which the programs can be used was somewhat established, but poor conditions. Second, the Internet were used in various ways such as discussion, retrieval, problem solving and exploration class. It was also taught to students in the forms of small group learning and collaborative learning. But it was often reported that individual learning would be more desirable, if possible. Third, the most common method of using information was through a combination of information provision and information search. The former was preferred by low and middle grade students and the latter by high grade students. Tasks of information search were determined relatively clear and simple. Fourth, in the questionnaire survey, teachers responded that they had difficulty in leading teaching and learning programs using the Internet. But they recognized the Internet was helpful to the ability of the leading, so they were positive about reparticipation in experimental schools. Actually results reported from the experimental schools and expectations by those teachers were not fully consistent, that is, relatively low of the percentage points of 50 to 60. Nevertheless, the respondents thought that their participation in experimental school for a couple of years would be helpful in the long term. Fifth, teaching and learning programs using the Internet had several advantages and disadvantages. In relation, teachers were positive the running of the programs and paid much attention to them. Consequently speaking, teaching and learning programs using the Internet are being applied in the filed of elementary education successfully. Therefore more interest and investment should be given to those problems in order to improve their problems and make the programs more beneficial to both students and teachers.

공동주택단지 조경의 이용 후 평가 : 진주시 아파트단지를 중심으로

조화숙 晋州産業大學校 産業大學院 2007 국내석사

This research is aimed, with a residential environment becoming now a primary concern, to show the degrees of residents' satisfactions and preferences over the landscape architecture trees and the landscape architecture facilities which are parts of landscape architecture factor, using the concrete and practical research method based on the questionnaire survey of the after-use evaluations of them. Based on this research, suggesting the direction for the improvement on the outdoor space structure after understanding the primary factors of affecting the landscape characteristics which are preferred by the residents, basic data will be given to make more practical and desirable residential environment reflecting landscape architecture factor which are preferred by the residents when planning and laying out the outdoor space in the apartment complex. In order to analyze the degree of the residents' satisfactions at the landscape architecture in the apartment complex, selecting four apartment complexes and conducting a questionnaire survey of 55 residents in each apartment complex, I used 201 questionnaires which were collected among 220 samples as a final data. The questionnaire is mainly composed of the characteristics of the respondents, the realities of use and the satisfaction level about the green spaces including trees, the space for rest with a bench and a pergola, the space for play at the playground, and general space for a street lamp and a fence among the various spaces of the landscape in the apartment complex. Then a statistical analysis was made with SPSS-10.0 statistical program. As for the statistical analysis, mean and frequency for each variable were analyzed through the frequency analysis and a correlation analysis was used for the analysis of the correlation among the variables. The results are as follows. First, the quantity of the trees, a placement of them according to a kind, and a harmony of them with the buildings are generally satisfied but the formation of the shade of a tree, the area of the green spaces and the management of them seem to be unsatisfactory. For the green spaces, the overall satisfaction level(32.8%) is a little higher than the overall unsatisfaction level(21.4%). The management condition, the area of the green spaces and the formation of the shade of a tree appear to be highly related with the satisfaction level. Second, the number and location of a bench seem satisfactory but the materials of the bench and the number and location of a pergola look unsatisfactory. According to my research, the bench and the pergola in most apartment complex did not provide enough a shade. So the trees for the shade should be planted. For the space for rest, the overall unsatisfaction level(22.9%) is higher than the overall satisfaction level(17.9%). Third, for the space for play, the area and location of the playground appears satisfactory but the kinds, safety and management condition of the play apparatus unsatisfactory. Especially, for the kinds, materials and safety of the play apparatus, the unsatisfaction level is two times higher than the satisfaction level. This resulted in the low use of the playground. Thus since the overall unsatisfaction level (32.9%) is much higher than the satisfaction level (14.9%) for the space for play, it seems to me that a urgent improvement is necessary. Fourth, for the general spaces, the number, location, and brightness of a street light and the shape and height of the fences seem satisfactory but the unsatisfaction level (48.8%) is relatively high for the sports facilities. Most survey respondents asked the necessities of the sports facilities. There is a playground for the kids, but there is no sports facilities for the teenagers. Also the aged do not have any facilities. As the society becomes aged, the necessities for the sports facilities for the aged become growing and thus should be considered when planning the landscape. Fifth, for the landscape architecture trees, a maple tree, a pine tree, and a ginkgo are preferred. For the play apparatus, more than half preferred a swing and a slide. These should be considered when planning the landscape. According to my research the most important thing in the landscape architecture facilities is a landscape architecture trees, the second a playground, the third a bench and a pergola. Especially, more than half of the respondents (61.6%) regarded the landscape architecture trees as the most important landscape architecture facility. Sixth, for the landscape architecture facilities the overall satisfaction level is a little higher than the unsatisfaction level. The effect on the overall satisfaction level was in the order of (1)the green spaces, (2)space for rest, (3)general spaces and (4)space for play. The management condition for the green spaces is most highly correlated with the overall satisfaction level, and then the area of the green spaces, the management for the space for play, the formation of the shade of a tree, the number and sorts of the trees in order. There is also a trend in the landscape. In 2003, the main trend for the landscape emphasizes the nature, 'well-being apartment' in 2004, 'art apartment' in 2005. In 2006, a greenhouse for the fresh green or a small pond with the trees has a tendency to be made for the apartment landscape. These tendencies shows that the landscape architecture facilities is developing everyday. But aquascape facilities can not be usually used due to the operating cost. So the aquascape facilities can not be properly managed and then become slummed. This would result in the devaluation of the apartment value. Therefore, the lay-out of an apartment landscape architecture should be done considering the necessities and the demand of residents rather than a visible gorgeousness, and then the landscape architecture facilities would become activities spaces and facilities which are necessary and desirable for the actual users. Thus the utilization of the outdoor spaces in the apartment complex can be activated and this will help an apartment complex to become desirable. All these is what the apartment landscape shoulddeal with.

암환자의 신체활동과 피로

조화숙 계명대학교 대학원 2009 국내석사

본 연구의 목적은 암환자의 신체활동과 피로와의 관계를 알아보기 위한 조사연구이다. 연구 대상자는 D 광역시에 소재한 K 대학병원에서 암 진단을 받고 3개월 이상 지난 만 18세 이상인 자로 혈액종양내과와 암센터를 방문하는 총 118명이었다. 연구기간은 2009년 4월 5일부터 5월 15일까지 시행하였다. 연구 도구로 신체활동은 IPAQ 한국어판 신체활동설문지 자가보고형 단축형을 이용하여 측정하였고, 피로 측정은 Piper가 개발하고 손수경이 번역한 것을 사용하였다. 자료 분석은 SPSS 15.0 프로그램으로 이용하여 실수, 백분율, 평균 및 표준편차로 분석하였고, 제 특성에 따른 신체활동과 피로에 대한 분석은 One-way ANOVA 및 χ2 test를 사용하였고, 신체활동과 피로의 상관관계는 Pearson correlation방법으로 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 본 연구의 연속형 총 신체 활동은 평균 2154.03±2845.86 MET(min/ week)이고, 범주형으로 분류한 결과 비활동이 56명(47.5%), 최소한의 활동이 44명(37.3%), 건강증진활동은 18명(15.2%)을 순이었다. 대상자의 전체적인 피로 정도는 4.47±1.80점으로 조사되었다. 2. 대상자의 제 특성에 따른 신체활동의 차이는 학력에 따라 총 신체활동과 격렬한 활동(F=3.628, p=0.030)(F=4.047, p=0.020), 치료비부담에 따라 격렬한 활동(F=3.238, p=0.025). 동반질환에 있는 경우 걷기(F=5.201, p=0.024), 과거수술과 치료방법에 따른 앉아있는 시간(F=4.314, p=0.040)(F=2.939, p=0.037)에서 각각의 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. IPAQ의 범주형 분류로 본 결과 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 3. 대상자의 제 특성에 따른 피로정도는 학력, 배우자 유무(F=3.749, p= 0.027)(F=6.363, p=0.013), 통증에 따른 피로정도(F=9.244, p=0.003).에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 4. 대상자의 신체활동과 피로간의 상관관계에서 앉아 지낸 시간과 중등도 활동, 총 신체활동이, 피로와 중등도 활동 간에 유의한 음의 상관관계가 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 통해 신체활동과 피로 변수 간에서 제 특성에 따라 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타나 암 환자에게 이 결과를 근거로 한 간호 중재를 제공한다면 피로는 낮아지고 나아가 암 생존율에도 영향을 미칠 것이고 생각된다. The purpose of this study is to research into convenience sampling to examine the interrelation between physical activity and fatigue in patients with cancer. The subjects of the study were a total of 118 persons at their full age of 18 who had been diagnosed with cancer more than three months ago at K. University Hospital located in D. Metropolitan City, visiting the Internal Department of Blood Tumor and the Cancer Center. The study had been carried out from April 5 to May 15, 2009. I measured physical activity using Contracted Form Self-Report of Korean Version Physical Activity Questionnaires of IPAQ as research tool, and for fatigue I used that developed by Piper and translated by Su-kyung Son. For data analysis, I analyzed actual number, percentage, mean and standard deviation using SPSS 15.0 software, and for analysis on physical activity and fatigue by characteristics, I used One-way ANOVA and χ2 test, and analyzed interrelations between physical activity and fatigue with Pearson correlation method. The summarization of this study is as follows: 1. The continuous physical activity overall in this study was on average 2154.03±2845.86 MET(min/week), and as a result of categorical classification: no activity was 56 persons(47.5%); minimum activity, 44(37.3%); and health-improving activity, 18(15.2%) in order. The overall degree of fatigue of the subjects was 4.47±1.80. 2. For the differences in physical activity by characteristics of the subjects, it was shown that there were significant differences in overall physical activity(F=3.628, p=0.030) and intense activity(F=4.047, p= 0.020), respectively by schooling, in intense exercise(F=3.238, p=0.025) by the burden of doctor's bills, in walking(F=5.201, p=0.024) in case of having accompanying diseases, and previous operation(F=4.314, p=0.040) and time spent while sitting(F=2.939, p=0.037) by treatment method. There was no statistically significant difference as a result of viewing with the categorical classification of IPAQ. 3. For the degree of fatigue by characteristics of the subjects, it was shown that there were statistically significant differences in schooling(F=3.749, p=0.027), whether to have spouse(F=6.363, p=0.013), and the degree of fatigue by pain(F=9.244, p=0.003). 4. In the interrelation between physical activity and fatigue of the subjects, it was shown that time spent while sitting, moderate intensity activity, and overall physical activity showed significant negative interrelation between fatigue and moderate intensity activity. Through the above results, as it was shown that there were some interrelation between the variables of physical activity and fatigue by characteristics, I think that if nursing mediation is provided to patients with cancer based on this result, fatigue will be reduced and further it will affect the survival rate of patients with cancer.

A Highly Synthesizable TDC- and DCO-less Fractional-N PLL and An On-chip Learning Neuromorphic Autoencoder with Current-Mode Memory Read

조화숙 POSTECH 2018 국내박사

This thesis presents a highly synthesizable TDC- and DCO-Less fractional-N PLL and an on-chip learning neuromorphic autoencoder with current-mode memory read are proposed. Firstly, a highly synthesizable TDC- and DCO-less fractional-N PLL is proposed with the phase-locked direct digital synthesizer (PLDDS) driven by a free-running oscillator. With the PLDDS designed only by register-transfer level descriptions of hardware description language, the proposed architecture achieves low in-band phase noise by eliminating nonlinear blocks in the loop. In addition, a selfreferenced recursive phase interpolator is also proposed to suppress quantization noise dominating out-band phase noise. The implemented PLL in 28 nm CMOS process offers favorable area of 0.0047 mm2 and generates seamless fractional frequencies down to fREF. Secondly, an IC implementation of on-chip learning neuromorphic autoencoder unit is proposed in a form of rate-based spiking neural network. With a currentmode signaling scheme embedded in a 500x500 6b SRAM-based memory, the proposed architecture achieves simultaneous processing of multiplications and accumulations. In addition, a transposable memory read for both forwardand backward propagations and a virtual lookup table are also proposed to perform an unsupervised learning of Restricted Boltzmann Machine. The IC is fabricated using 28 nm CMOS process and is verified in a three-layer network of encoder-decoder pair for training and recovery of images with 2D 16x16 pixels. With a dataset of 50 digits, the IC shows a normalized root mean square error of 0.078. Measured energy efficiencies are 4.46 pJ per synaptic operation for inference and 19.26 pJ per synaptic weight update for learning, respectively.

The Analysis on Korea-U.S. free trade area

조화숙 Graduate School of International Studies Korea Uni 2003 국내박사

After the Second World War, South Korea and the U.S economic relations have made phenomenal progress. South Korea has grown into a modest competitor for many U.S firms, eroding the U.S. share in the global market. Meanwhile, the two economies are mutually dependent each other in trade (merchandises and services) and investment (FDI and stock/bond) areas. In recent years, the bilateral economic relationship has gone through new challenges in its nature with the trends of economic integration on the multilateral basis and regionalism. First challenge came from the financial globalization and market integration under multilateralism. Increasing foreign direst investment, portfolio investment, and huge volume of financial transaction in international currency market began to change the nature of economic relation between Korea and the U.S. The Korea-U.S. economic relations became to be more complicatedly interlinked and interdependent under the multilateral trade system. Another challenge came from the trend of regionalism. A regional dimension was added to Korea's foreign economic policy since the mid-1990s and it began to change the landscape of Korea's external economic relations. Korea began to turn its attention to regional trade agreement. For its part, Korea will enter into FTA with Chile and has also discussed FTA with Japan, -New Zealand, and Singapore. While admitting the importance of multilateral trade system as a major economic policy, Korea has tried to diversify the ways to maximize its economic interests. With the trends of regionalism getting momentum, it is worth discussing the desirability and feasibility of FTA negotiation between Korea and the U.S. as a means of accelerating bilateral economic drive. The U.S. is the very viable FTA partner which has economic interdependence with Korea, complementary structure of comparative advantage, high income level and huge market. It is also expected to bring forth positive economic effects to Korea and the U.S. There is, however, an important issue to cope with the strong opposition from sensitive sector. In the near future, it seems that it is difficult to strike a deal for Korea-U.S. FTA. But, the effort should be made so that Korea -U.S. relation can be put in perspective.