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조정곤(Cho, Jung-gon) 한국학중앙연구원 2015 장서각 Vol.0 No.34
이 글은 조선 후기에 빈번하게 발생한 산송이 그간 학계에서 많은 주목을 받았고 연구성과도 축적되어 있으나 대부분 육지지역에 한정된 점에 주목하여 제주지역의 묘지 조성 및 점유 수단과 분쟁에 대해 살펴 본 것이다. 제주지역은 자연지리적인 영향으로 조상의 분묘를 육지와는 다르게 밭에 조성하는 것이 일반적이었다. 주로 평지와 목장에 위치한 밭에 분묘를 조성하였다. 이러한 이유로 화전 및 우마에 의해 언제든지 묘지가 훼손될 위험에 노출되어 있었으며 이를 미연에 방지하고자 산담을 축조하였다. 제주지역의 묘지 점유 방법은 크게 매득과 입지 및 입안을 통해 이루어졌음을 살펴보았다. 제주지역은 밭을 매득하여 묘지를 조성하였으며 수호금양을 위해 나무를 심어서 관으로부터 세금을 탈급을 받고, 타인의 침해로부터 보호받고자 했다. 또한 매득한 밭의 일부분이라도 경작했을 때에는 색리가 세금을 부과하였으며 이를 탈급 받으려는 모습을 확인하였다. 입지를 통해 점유하고자 했을 때는 이굴, 수호금양, 매표 등의 수단으로 묘지를 점유함을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 입안을 통해 공용 목장지대에 묘지를 점유하고자 했을 경우에는 관에 보충할 수 있도록 일정한 대가를 납부하고 입안을 받은 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 제주지역의 묘지와 관련해서는 묘지 밖에 밭을 거집하여 경작하거나 산담을 점유, 훼손할 경우에도 분쟁이 발생하였음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 우마와 화전으로 인해 무덤이 직접적으로 훼손될 경우에도 분쟁이 발생하였다. The academia paid considerable amount of interest on the burial related litigation which occurred frequently in the late Joseon Dynasty. The accumulated results of researches are mostly limited to inland regions which is why this study investigated the burial related litigation in Jeju Island by studying the development of burial ground, occupying methods, and disputes. The Jeju Island generally created burial land in the field due to the physical geographic influence unlike the inland regions. The people in Jeju Island mainly developed burial place in the field located in flatland and farms which is why tombs were exposed under the risk of damage from slash and burn as well as horses and cows. Burial stone walls were constructed to prevent such damages in advance. The burial occupation method in Jeju Island was mainly through positioning, certified document, and purchase. It is found that occupying burial ground through positioning involved digging, planting protective trees, and placing mark. The occupation of burial ground through certified document, especially for public farm field, involved certain level of payment to the government office and getting certified documents. The burial ground could be occupied through purchase as well. However, if the government office find out that someone was cultivating in the land designated for planting trees as a means of securing burial ground, then government employees imposed tax and some attempts to be exempted from the tax was observed. The disputes on burial ground in Jeju Island occurred from cultivating in the burial ground, occupancy of burial ground by third parties, or damage of the burial ground. Moreover, the disputes occurred when the mound is directly damaged by cows and horses as well as slash and burn. The results of this study indicated that such disputes are related with development of burial ground based on the natural environment of the Jeju Island.
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화살나무 및 느릅나무 추출물이 면역계세포의 활성에 미치는 영향
김종면,최민순,조정곤,정영미,박태욱,Kim, Jong-myeon,Choi, Min-soon,Cho, Jeong-gon,Jung, Young-mee,Park, Tae-wook 대한수의학회 1994 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.34 No.2
We have previously shown that crude water extract of Euonymus alatus (EA) had strong prophylactic effect against chemically induced-and tumor cell implanted-cancer, and that the mechanisms responsible for its antitumor effects were due to nonspecific enhancement of the NK cell activities and the cell mediated immunity. However, it was unknown that any components of crude extract did work so, since it consisted of several components. In this paper, we fractionated the crude watar EA-extract into several fraction such as hexane-, ethylether-, ethyl acetate-, n-butanol- and water soluble-fraction, and screened the immune regulating activities of each fraction by the evaluation of lymphokine production and activated lymphocyte proliferation. As a result of the component fraction of EA-extract, it was found that n-butanol fraction was a potent immunostimulator, and the remained water soluble fraction also contained some stimulator, But, other fraction did not showed any remarkable effect. It is therefore suggested that EA-glycosides in n-butanol fraction may be new one of the potent biological response modifiers. The present study was also undertaken in an efforts to investigate the effects of elm-bark(EB, Ulmus clavidiana var japonica), which has been used for curing ulcer and inflammation as a folk medicine without any kind of experimental evidence to support this, on the cellular- and humoral-immune responses, lymphocyte function and NK cell activities in mice. Regardless of time and duration of EB-treatment, Arthus reaction and antibody response to SRBC were not modified by EB, but delayed hypersensitivity to SRBC was significantly enhanced only when EB was treated prior to SRBC-sensitization. EB slightly inhibited the proliferation responses of splenocytes to PHA-stimulation, but it significantly augmented the responses of these cells to S aureus Cowan 1 and Con A-activation, and these effects were manifested only when EB was added at culture initiation. EB did not influence Ig secretion of spleen cells but it significantly augmented the Con A-induced 1L 2 and MIF production of splenocytes. NK cell activities of splenocytes were markedly riled when effector cells were pretreated with EB and this augmentation was dine to the increase of binding affinity of effector cells to target cells and the target cell lytic activities of effector cells. These results led to the conclusion that EB triggers increase of cellular immune responses, such as delayed hypersensitivitiy, lymphokine production and NK cell activities. Also these results suggested that EB contains potent immune stimulants, which may provide the rational basis for their therapeutic use as one of the new biological response modifiers.
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정영미 ( Young Mee Jung ),조정곤 ( Jeong Gon Cho ),도홍기 ( Hong Ki Do ),서석열 ( Surk Yul Seo ),노수일 ( Soo Il Roh ) 한국가축위생학회 2000 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.23 No.3
This study was carried out to provide the fundamental information for development of proper vaccination program against infectious bursal disease(IBD) to the local chicken farms. The antigen detection was performed from 8 samples of bursa of Fabricius with agar gel precipitation(AGP) and indirect immunofluorescent assay(IFA), And also, the antibodies in serum samples were detected by the various serological methods such as commercial ELISA assay, AGP and virus neutralization(VN) test. 1. The antigen detection rates were 25% for AGP which is 2 out of 8 farms and 10 out of 40 bursas, and 25% which is 2 out of 8 farms and 20% 8 out of 40 bursas for IFA, respectively. 2. The mean titer of maternal antibody (>3,000) existed until 10 days of the age with ELISA-GMT. 3. The antibody positive rates which are over 80% showed until 5 days of the age with ELISA and at 10 days of the age with AGP except one, but none of them showed from 1 day of the age. This report came to conclusions that both the protective maternal antibody titers and the antigen positive rates were significant until at the 10 days of the age.
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