만주국 정보선전정치의 중추, 총무청 홍보처

전경선(Jeon Kyoung-Sun) 부산경남사학회 2010 역사와 경계 Vol.74 No.-

Manchukuo(滿洲國) was an independent state which had been made by the unilateral action of the Guandong Army(關東軍) in 1932. So Japanese Imperalism needed a public agency to advertise the justifiability of founding the state internally and internationally so much. Moreover, as a state, Manchukuo would have to struggle on making propaganda for mobilizing its populations voluntarily at that time. Because the Guandong Army planned the total war with China, and then U.S.A. to acquire the Asian Continental at first and then the Pacific finally. For this proposal, Manchukuo orgarnized the Public Information Agency in 1937. It's main role is to command and supervise not only newspapers, radio and movies, but also all publications in domestic country. Doing this work, it controlled and even created the public opinion. With outbreaking of Chinese-Japanese War and the Pacific War, Manchukuo would construct the Total-war System. For example, each time the state wanted, it would take a voluntary cooperation of general population step by step. And the government strengthened the institution to correspond or to overcome the ideological conflict with the Soviet Union, the Chongqing(重慶) Guomintang(國民黨) government and the Communist party. Furthermore, the state reinforced Public Information Agency with a place of higher dignity and legislated a series of rules that censored the contents of the print media (especially newspapers) and broadcast media both. In consequence, it needs not to say that it governed and controlled journalists. It was so-called the "New system of Public information". Hence, as the results of this processing, we would know that Manchukuo observed the importance of propaganda politics and used them adequately. In sum, I argue that Manchukuo was just an effective state of propaganda through exploring the Public Information Agency itself. In my view, its policy is worth drawing notice to the politician and the historian as well as the military professionals even though Japanese Imperalism couldn't carry out its original intention.

태평양전쟁기 만주국의 국책 선전과 계발영화 - 『宣撫月報』의 관련 기사를 중심으로 -

전경선(Jeon, Kyoung-Sun) 부산경남사학회 2020 역사와 경계 Vol.114 No.-

본 논문은 태평양전쟁기 만주국 ‘증산’과 ‘북변 방어’를 중심으로 한 전쟁수행과 관련된 주요 국책이 영화라는 매체를 통해 선전되는 양상을 살피고자 한 것이다. 만주국 정부는 영화를 국민 교화, 국책 선전의 수단으로 활용하고자 하는 ‘영화 국책’의 기본 방침 아래 영화에 대한 국가의 전면적 통제를 도모하고자 국책회사 만주영화협회(이하 만영)를 설립하였다. 만영은 설립 후 홍보처, 관동군, 협화회 등의 정부기관과 연계하면서 ‘국책 영화’ 제작에 착수하였다. 만영 초기 주로 만주국의 발전, 약진상을 필름에 담고자 했던 문화영화는 아마카스 이사장 이후 계민영화로 명칭을 바꾸면서 전시 국책 선전의 도구로 적극 활용되었다. 즉 만주국 정부는 태평양전쟁에 있어 병참기지로서의 만주국의 역할을 완수하는 데에 있어 민중들의 동의와 적극적인 협력을 끌어내야 했고 그 유력한 수단으로써 영화는 어떤 매체보다 중요시되었다. 특히 계민영화 중에서도 계발영화는 만주국의 중요 국책인 농산물, 석탄등 지하자원의 증산, 북변 방어뿐만 아니라 전시 국민생활수칙 등 전시 국책의 전 범위를 포괄하였다. 뿐만 아니라 계발영화는 선전의 주 대상을 고려하여 중국어, 일본어이외에 다양한 언어로 제작되어 그 선전의 효과를 제고시키려 하였다. 그러나 계발영화 자체가 대부분 무미건조하고 딱딱한 내용의 국책을 담고 있었기 때문에 관객들의 관심사와는 거리가 멀었다. 그런 까닭에 관객들은 관심과 흥미를 가지기 보다는 쉽게 피로감을 느끼게 되고 국책선전의 목적을 달성하는 데에 있어 한계를 지닐 수밖에 없는 것이었다. The purpose of this paper is to examine the main aspects of wartime policies of Manzhouguo(滿洲國) which were propagated through the medium of movies, aimed at “increasing production” and “defensing the north” in the Pacific War. The Manchuguo’s government established ‘Motion Ficture Association’(滿洲映畫協會, hereinafter referred to as Man’ei), the state-owned company with full control over films in order to use them as a means of national enlightenment and national propaganda. After its establishment, Man’ei began a production of “national film project” in connection with government agencies such as Government Agency(弘報處), Kwantung Army(關東軍), and Concordia Association(協和會). In the early days, Man’ei mainly recorded the development and advancement of Manchukuo in "Cultural Film(文化映畵)". After his inauguration, However, Amakasu(甘粕正彦) changed its name to "Gyemin Film(啟民映畫: Enlightenment Film)" and actively used it as a tool for national propaganda. In other words, the Manchukuo government had to draw public consent and cooperation in accomplishing the role of Manchukuo as a military base in the Pacific War, and it placed the movie more important than any other medium as a powerful means. In particular, among the Gyemin Films, ‘Gyebal Film(啓發映畫: Development Film)’ covered all wartime policies, including the increase in production of agricultural products and underground resources such as coal, the defense of the north, and a wartime rules of public life. In addition, Gyemin Films were made in various languages other than Chinese and Japanese, to enhance the effect of the propaganda. However, most of the Gyebal films were so dull and boring that they failed to attract audiences’ interest and eventually to achieve their purpose of national propaganda.

논문(論文) : 중국(中國) 동북(東北)에서의 만철(滿鐵)의 정보선전활동(情報宣傳活動)

전경선 ( Kyoung Sun Jeon ) 중국사학회 2010 中國史硏究 Vol.69 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to find out the progress and details of propaganda activities of the Mantetsu(滿鐵) which was organized with the features of the state-run corporation. The Mantetsu has already started its propaganda activities by 1923 with the establishment of the departments in charge of propagandas. Upon the outbreak of Manchurian Incident(滿洲事變) in 1931, the Mantetsu got actively involved Public Relations Section(弘報係) in supporting the military actions for Guandong Army(關東軍). There are many propaganda activities, such as producing documentaries, dispatching propaganda teams to the inland of Japan, publishing and distributing the periodicals, extra. Soon followed by the founding of Manchukuo(滿洲國) in March of 1932, it commenced the public relations, the legitimacy of the establishment of Manchukuo according to the national policy of Manchukuo. In October of 1936, the Mantetsu has founded Public Relations Departmentn(弘報課) solely in charge of information and propagandas. The corporation, centered on the Public Relations Department(弘報課) of the head quarter in Dalian(大連), built the networks for propaganda information which was extensive ranging from Manchukuo, inland of Japan, inside of China, Paris to New York. In 1937, even after Public Relations Agency(弘報處) was set up as the administrative agency in charge of propaganda policies in Manchukuo, the Mantetsu`s propaganda activities continued consistently and actively under the concerted efforts with Public Relations Agency of Manchukuo. As it mentioned, the accumulated experiences and technologies by the Mantetsu passed on to Manchukuo and provided the fundamental framework for policies on propaganda for Manchukuo. In particular, it is safe to say that it has replaced the role of propaganda agency for Manchukuo which was vulnerable in terms of foreign propaganda.

전시체제 하 만주국의 여성동원

전경선 ( Kyoung Sun Jeon ),차철욱 ( Chul Wook Cha ) 중국사학회 2016 中國史硏究 Vol.100 No.-

This study attempts to grasp fully the facets of female mobilization in Manchukuo during Sino-Japanese War. It was impossible to conduct a war without women cooperation in a total war, which became the modality of wars after World War I. With the outbreak of Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, Manchukuo, which had been an ally of Japan, entered into a state of war, and thus became desperate for women`s collaboration for the war. In order to elicit women`s enthusiastic cooperation for national policies during wartime, Manchukou launched indoctrination and reformation campaigns for women and demanded them to become good wives and wise mothers equipped with womanly virtues. Futhermore, the state not only emphasized women`s responsibility as good wives and wise mothers to their family but also expanded it to the larger society and country. More importantly, the state formed a female interest group called Manchukuo National Defense Women`s Association to systematically mobilize women under government control. The mission of this group can be summarized largely into three categories: protecting the family, supporting war from the rear, and acting in harmony with the people. This group played a central role in mobilizing Manchukuo women. In particular, the role of this group became more important with wartime government-run champaigns, such as consumption control movement, savings campaign, and life improvement champaign, of which women and families were seen as the core. Women`s cooperation were indispensable in that family were seen as the core of wartime government-run campaigns in Manchukuo during the Sino-Japanese War. Responsibility and duty of a housewife, the supervisor of a family, were all the more emphasized in campaigns like consumption control movement and savings campaign. Also, under the wartime national policy to increase war supplies and agricultural produce, the government wanted to take full advantage of women labor as a way to solve lack of labor force. However, it is doubtful whether the female general public were successfully mobilized for the aforementioned wartime government-run campaigns according to the government`s intention. In a situation where it was difficult to even induct women into women association, there must have been considerable limitations to mobilizing women for government-run campaigns.

만주국의 신체동원과 국민만들기 : 체육정책의 전개를 중심으로

전경선(Jeon Kyoung-Sun) 효원사학회 2011 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.39

This study is to verify that Manchukuo used sports activities as a tool as well as process to make diverse races united as the citizen of Manchukuo. First of all, the ‘National Foundation Memorial Athletic Meeting’ was a major Manchurian sports event firstly held in May, 1932 when Lytton Commission arrived in Manchukuo. The purpose of event was to nationally propagate the peaceful and joyful image of country and also unite all races in Manchukuo. Other National Foundation Memorial Athletic Meeting held mostly had this political meaning. In 1933, Manchukuo established a sports week annually. During the week, there were many activities such as hosting an athletic meeting, publicity activities about sports, public health consulting, free medical clinic, etc. Besides, a physical fitness and ethnic harmony was emphasized as well. In 1935, the country created and distributed the ‘National Foundation Exercise’ as a national athletic exercise compelling all people in Manchukuo to work out during the day. The National Foundation Exercise was originally made to indoctrinate Manchurian the idea that Japan and Manchukuo are united. The exercise prevails in all athletic meetings or citizens’ rallies, which shows the political intention of country; mass mobilization and national policy indoctrination. It was regarded as a symbol of national mobilization. As the national policy of Manchukuo shirted to the war basis, the national sports policy was focused to foster citizens that have strong physical strength to perform when the country calls. Particularly, the physical education for youth in school was controlled by the government. In 1941, the military training class was added to school curriculum in order to implement military drill. As stated above, the sports policies in Manchukuo were established to accomplish the goals of physical training, ethnic harmony, mass mobilization, and national policy indoctrination. In other words, the country was heavily involved with controlling citizens’ bodies so as to accomplish the national mobilization, and consequently cultivate sound civilians uniting all races.

리튼조사단의 來滿과 만주국의 대외선전

전경선(Jeon, Kyoung-Sun) 부산경남사학회 2014 역사와 경계 Vol.92 No.-

만주국 정부는 건국과 동시에, 일본의 괴뢰라는 이미지를 벗고 하나의 독립국으로 인정받기 위한 대내외선전을 적극 추진하였다. 그러나 중국은 물론, 국제사회의 반응은 냉담하였고, 국제연맹에서 파견한 리튼조사단의 만주국 현지조사가 임박해지고 있었다. 조사단의 방문은 만주국으로서는 부담스러운 일이었으나, 한편으로는 국제사회에서 새로운 국가로서 승인을 받을 수 있는 좋은 기회이기도 하였다. 조사단의 방문에 즈음해서, 만주국에서는 조사단을 겨냥해서 독립국의 면모를 과시하기 위한 다양한 연출이 시도되었다. 조사단을 맞이하는 만주국 정부 요인들은 王道立國을 제창하면서 이전 군벌정권과 신정부의 차별성을 역설하였다. 또한 조사단이 방문하는 곳마다, 대중들이 조직적으로 동원되어 신국가의 건국을 찬양하였고, 건국을 축하하기 위한 운동회가 개최되기도 하였다. 그럼에도 리튼보고서에는 만주국의 건국을 순수하고 자발적인 독립운동의 결과로 인정하지 않았다. 만주국 정부의 계획된 연출만으로는 대다수 현지인들의 민심을 가릴 수가 없었던 것이다. 만주국은 태생부터 정당성을 결여한 채로 출발했던 만큼 국제사회로부터 자신의 존재를 승인받는 것이 절실하였다. 그것은 리튼조사단을 맞이해서 건국의 정당성을 연신 선전해대는 건국 초기 만주국의 모습에서 그대로 드러난다. The Nationalist Government of China filed the petition with United Nation in order to confront continuing Japanese invasion including a series of situation it caused in the northeastern of China after Incident of September 18. In consequence, the UN dispatched a commission headed an English man, Lytton, for the sight investigation. The government of Manchukuo conducted vigorous propaganda both internally and externally for the purpose of shedding its image of a puppet state of Japan and being accepted as an independent state since its foundation. However, the reaction of the international society, as well as China, was indifferent. Meanwhile, the visit of Lytton commission was imminent. As for Manchukuo, the commission’s coming was an uncomfortable event, but at the same time it was such a good opportunity to obtain the international society’s approval as a new country. On visiting of the commission, the government tried to show off its independent national existence to the commission by use of various performances: the key figures in the government who received the commission emphasized the difference between previous warlord regime and their new government; the public was mobilized so as to commemorate the founding of the new country; sports meetings were also held for celebrating the establishment of the country. Nevertheless, the commission submitted the report in which Manchukuo was not recognized as an independent state. It was impossible to conceal the dominant public sentiment, just by the planned acting. However, regardless of judgments of international society, Manchukuo consistently attempted to make a name for itself both at home and abroad. Consequently, its inherent limitation not only forced Manchukuo to be committed to internal and external propaganda from its beginning, but also made it the country that constantly use propaganda and continually mobilize the people during the whole time of its existence.

스트레스관리 프로그램이 조현병 환자의 스트레스 지각, 대처방식, 자아존중감에 미치는 효과

양승희(Seunghee Yang),전경선(Kyoung Sun Jeon) 대한스트레스학회 2015 스트레스硏究 Vol.23 No.4

본 연구는 정신병원에 입원 중인 조현병 환자를 대상으로 스트레스관리 프로그램이 스트레스 지각, 대처방식, 자아존중감에 미치는 효과를 규명하기 위해 시행되었다. 비동등성 대조군 전 · 후 설계로 대상자는 서울 소재 정신전문병원에 입원 치료 중인 조현병 환자로서 최종 실험군 25명, 대조군 26명이었다. 사전조사는 프로그램 시간 전에 두군 동시에 일반적 특성, 스트레스 지각, 대처방식, 자아존중감을 조사하였으며, 사후조사는 실험군은 4주 동안 주2회 총 8회로기의 프로그램이 끝난 후에 하였고 대조군도 실험군의 프로그램이 끝나는 시점에 실시하였다. 연구결과는 스트레스관리 프로그램이 입원 치료 중인 조현병 환자의 스트레스 대처방식에는 유의미한 향상 효과가 있었고, 스트레스 지각과 자아존중감은 통계적으로 유의미한 차이는 없었다. The purpose of this study was to examined the effects of a stress management program on perceived stress, stress coping and self esteem in patients with schizophrenia in hospitalization. The study adopted a quasi-experimental study with a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. They were divided into the control group (26) and experimental group (25). The program was conducted twice a week for 8 times. Data were analyzed using t-test with SPSS 12.0 program. The experimental group showed more significant improvement in stress coping, but perceived stress and self esteem was not different between the groups. The finding of this study support the positive effects of the stress management program in patients with schizophrenia.