정쟁을 통해 본 유소와 성균관 장의의 기능

장재천 한국사상문화학회 2013 韓國思想과 文化 Vol.70 No.-

In the Joseon Dynasty, Sungkyunkwan enrolled students were autonomous organizations, student council, student body president, a position that represent them were through a meeting of the student body, was elected student body president of two people in order to prevent the operation of dogmatic. Replace the chairman of the Student Center, based on the Spring and Autumn Sukjun(釋奠), If you have special circumstances, according to the king's command and were replaced immediately. Sungkyunkwan representatives Sungkyunkwan students as well as chairman of the glorious position was very heavy and is representative of students in Hanyang, and students across the country. Always receives attention because it was a glorious position, however, but rather several Passion Party. Receives recognition Sungkyunkwan student body president, the government official does not have the national appeal of all larvae Seungjeongwon(承政院) to go up because incorrect use or abuse of its powers, when punished or stops per exam, and government officials and the king and confrontation in many cases, even if you want to regress to the average person stops per exam or go to exile origin, were mowed per exam was unfavorable disposition. In severe cases, also was put out of machines and how to use the privilege granted solely an isolated island, far away from the land, if you are going into exile, lifelong exam larvae of his name deleted from the list, or being able if there were. SungKyunKwan student body president, passion, much weakened or status as a student, Sungkyunkwan education or stale due to partisan politics partisanship has been put to the sufferings, the more severe. 조선시대에 성균관에서는 재학 중인 유생들에게 자치기구인 재회(齋會)라는 학생회가 있었으며, 이들을 대표하는 장의(掌議)라는 직책이 있었다. 장의의 선출은 총학생회의 회의를 통해서 하였는데, 주로 생원들이 거재하는 동재의 유생들을 대표하는 동재장의와 주로 진사들이 거재하는 서재의 유생들을 대표하는 서재장의 등 독단적인 운영을 막기 위해서 복수제로 2명을 선출하였다. 성균관 장의의 교체는 춘추석전을 기준으로 임기 기한을 삼았으며, 특별한 상황에 따라 국왕의 특별한 교지가 있게 되면 즉시 교체하였다. 그런데 성균관 장의는 성균관 유생들뿐만이 아니라 서울의 4학 유생들, 그리고 전국 각지의 유생들을 대표하는 것으로서 매우 막중하고 영광스러운 위치였다. 그러나 항상 주목을 받는 영광스러운 위치였기 때문에 오히려 여러 가지 수난도 많이 당하였다. 아직 벼슬이 없는 전국 모든 유생들의 상소는 반드시 성균관 장의의 승인을 거쳐서 승정원에 올라가야 했기 때문에 그 기능을 잘못 사용하거나 남용하였을 때는 벌을 받거나 정거를 당하였으며, 조정대신이나 국왕과 대립할 경우에도 많은 경우 정거를 당하거나 유배를 당하거나 서인으로 전락 당하였고, 원점을 삭점 당해 과거응시에 불리한 처분도 받았다. 또한 특권을 부여 받아 단독으로 사용하는 방인 장의방에서 내쫓기기도 하였고, 절도(絶島) 즉 육지에서 멀리 떨어진 외딴 섬으로 유배를 가는 경우도 있었으며, 심한 경우는 영거(永擧)를 당하거나 유적(儒籍)에서 이름이 삭적 당하는 치욕스러운 경우까지도 있었다. 그러므로 성균관 장의의 수난은 그만큼 학생으로서의 유생들의 지위가 약화되거나 성균관 교육이 대체로 부실해지거나 정쟁으로 인하여 파당싸움이 심해질수록 더 많은 수난을 당하게 되었던 것이라고 할 수 있다.

실록에 나타난 조선후기 성균관 장의의 영예

장재천 한국사상문화학회 2013 韓國思想과 文化 Vol.67 No.-

In the Joseon Dynasty, Sungkyunkwan was the title of the representatives attending larvae(儒生) called student council(斋会) that larvae of autonomous organizations, student government, through the entire meeting of the student congress elected 2 person. The Council and was the second person plural. The reason was to prevent the operation of one body of dogmatic. And made the deadline to replace the spring and autumn sukjun(釋奠) If you have a special decree of the king and was replaced immediately. Sungkyunkwan larvae, as well as part 4 Hakdang(學堂) larvae, and larvae of all over the country, which represents the location was very glorious. Sincerely customized Sungkyunkwan student representative of appeals did not extradite the country larvae Seungjeongwon(承政院) in place to send and supervise and preside Sungkyunkwan larvae and the representative to correct the wrong things, nothing processed. So yubeol(儒罰) autonomous larvae punish by representative first had to start vallon(發論), the larvae of name from the ruins sakjeok(削籍) or repeatedly that nothing has carte blanche responsible, and involve export accepting new geojae(居齋) larvae have a responsibility was. Sungkyunkwan representative nationwide larvae on behalf of the King Center, as well as frequent interviews were read before the king took responsibility king to raise the jeonmun(箋文) and song(歌謠). Sungkyunkwan representative, as well as the progress of the various ritual and guide the exercise of the king or crown prince alseong(謁聖) vs. case when the big events was responsible. Chinese envoys welcomed or drop-off of the instructor and larval phase of mutual euprye(揖禮), dining room access the maintenance of order, out of the king's palaces, the procession for jiyoung(祗迎) or jisong(祗送) to Sungkyunkwan larvae of leading and presided role Sungkyunkwan representative. Sungkyunkwan to recognized national and Sungkyunkwan and special courtesies which was responsible principal, a representative of the honor was very special as. 조선시대에 성균관에서는 재학 중인 유생들을 대표하는 장의(掌議)라는 직함이 있었다. 유생들의 자치기구인 재회(齋會)라는 학생회가 있었으며, 이 학생회의 전체회의를 통해서 선출된 장의는 동재장의와 서재장의 2명의 복수 제였다. 그 이유는 1인체제의 독단적인 운영을 막기 위해서였다. 춘추석전을 기준으로 교체하는 기한을 삼았으며, 국왕의 특별한 교지가 있으면 즉시 교체하였다. 성균관 유생들뿐만이 아니라 4학 유생들, 그리고 전국 각지의 유생들을 대표하는 성균관 장의는 매우 영광스러운 위치였다. 아직 벼슬하지 않은 전국 유생들의 상소는 모두 성균관 장의의 근실을 받아서 승정원에 올려 보내야 했고, 장의가 성균관 유생들을 감독하고 통솔하고 잘못된 것들을 시정하는 일도 처리했다. 그래서 자치적으로 유생들을 벌주는 유벌은 장의가 먼저 발론을 시작해야 했으며, 유생들의 이름을 유적에서 삭적하는 일이나 복적하는 일도 전권을 가지고 담당하였고, 새로운 거재유생을 받아들이고 내보내고 하는 일도 장의가 책임을 가지고 있었다. 성균관 장의는 성균관뿐만이 아니라 전국 유생들을 대표하여 국왕을 자주 접견하였고, 국왕에게 올리는 전문과 가요도 책임을 졌으며 국왕 앞에서 낭독하는 일까지도 맡았다. 뿐만 아니라, 성균관 장의는 각종 의례의 진행과 안내, 국왕이나 왕세자들의 알성 행사나 대사례 행사 때에도 큰 책임을 맡았다. 중국 사신들의 영접이나 배웅, 교관과 유생들 상호간의 상읍례, 식당출입 질서유지, 국왕의 궁궐 밖 행차 시 지영이나 지송을 하기 위한 성균관 유생들의 인솔과 통솔도 성균관 장의의 역할이었다. 그러므로 성균관 장의의 영예는 국가와 성균관이 인정하고 각별히 예우하는 것으로서 성균관을 책임진 대사성 못지않은 매우 특별한 것이었다.

한국사상(韓國思想)사학(史學) : 정쟁을 통해 본 유소와 성균관 장의의 기능

장재천 ( Jae Cheon Chang ) 한국사상문화학회 2013 韓國思想과 文化 Vol.70 No.-

조선시대에 성균관에서는 재학 중인 유생들에게 자치기구인 재회(齋會)라는 학생회가 있었으며, 이들을 대표하는 장의(掌議)라는 직책이 있었다. 장의의 선출은 총학생회의 회의를 통해서 하였는데, 주로 생원들이 거재하는 동재의 유생들을 대표하는 동재장의와 주로 진사들이 거재하는 서재의 유생들을 대표하는 서재장의 등 독단적인 운영을 막기 위해서 복수제로 2명을 선출하였다. 성균관 장의의 교체는 춘추석전을 기준으로 임기 기한을 삼았으며, 특별한 상황에 따라 국왕의 특별한 교지가 있게 되면 즉시 교체하였다. 그런데 성균관 장의는 성균관 유생들뿐만이 아니라 서울의 4학 유생들, 그리고 전국 각지의 유생들을 대표하는 것으로서 매우 막중하고 영광스러운 위치였다. 그러나 항상 주목을 받는 영광스러운 위치였기 때문에 오히려 여러 가지 수난도 많이 당하였다. 아직 벼슬이 없는 전국 모든 유생들의 상소는 반드시 성균관 장의의 승인을 거쳐서 승정원에 올라가야 했기 때문에 그 기능을 잘못 사용하거나 남용하였을 때는 벌을 받거나 정거를 당하였으며, 조정대신이나 국왕과 대립할 경우에도 많은 경우 정거를 당하거나 유배를 당하거나 서인으로 전락 당하였고, 원점을 삭점 당해 과거응시에 불리한 처분도 받았다. 또한 특권을 부여 받아 단독으로 사용하는 방인 장의방에서 내쫓기기도 하였고, 절도(絶島) 즉 육지에서 멀리 떨어진 외딴 섬으로 유배를 가는 경우도 있었으며, 심한 경우는 영거(永擧)를 당하거나 유적(儒籍)에서 이름이 삭적 당하는 치욕스러운 경우까지도 있었다. 그러므로 성균관 장의의 수난은 그만큼 학생으로서의 유생들의 지위가 약화되거나 성균관 교육이 대체로 부실해지거나 정쟁으로 인하여 파당싸움이 심해질수록 더 많은 수난을 당하게 되었던 것이라고 할 수 있다. In the Joseon Dynasty, Sungkyunkwan enrolled students were autonomous organizations, student council, student body president, a position that represent them were through a meeting of the student body, was elected student body president of two people in order to prevent the operation of dogmatic. Replace the chairman of the Student Center, based on the Spring and Autumn Sukjun(釋奠), If you have special circumstances, according to the king``s command and were replaced immediately. Sungkyunkwan representatives Sungkyunkwan students as well as chairman of the glorious position was very heavy and is representative of students in Hanyang, and students across the country. Always receives attention because it was a glorious position, however, but rather several Passion Party. Receives recognition Sungkyunkwan student body president, the government official does not have the national appeal of all larvae Seungjeongwon(承政院) to go up because incorrect use or abuse of its powers, when punished or stops per exam, and government officials and the king and confrontation in many cases, even if you want to regress to the average person stops per exam or go to exile origin, were mowed per exam was unfavorable disposition. In severe cases, also was put out of machines and how to use the privilege granted solely an isolated island, far away from the land, if you are going into exile, lifelong exam larvae of his name deleted from the list, or being able if there were. SungKyunKwan student body president, passion, much weakened or status as a student, Sungkyunkwan education or stale due to partisan politics partisanship has been put to the sufferings, the more severe.

난소배세포종(Ovarian Dysgerminoma)의 방사선 치료

장재천,서창옥,김귀언,박창윤 대한방사선종양학회 1983 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.1 No.1

급속조영 CT 로 관찰한 간혈관종의 혈류동태와 초음파검사상 종양에코와의 관계

장재천 대한영상의학회 1993 대한영상의학회지 Vol.29 No.4

To evaluate the correlation between the internal echo patterns and henodynamics in hepatic cavernous hemangioma, we compared the interanal echo pattern with the hemodynamic pattern examined by intravenous bolus CT(multi-phase incremental bolus dynamic CT) in 34 diagnosed hemangiomas (25 patients). We classified cavernous hemangiomas as two different hemodynamic patterns according to the findings of the early phase of intravenous bolus CT scans. Early enhancing type means that most portion of a mass is enhanced during the early hpase and late enhancing type means that only minimal peripheral portion of a mass is enhanced during the early phase. We classified ultrasonogrphic patterns as hypoechoic and hyperechoic according to main echogenicity of the mass. The late enhancing type tends toward the high echo type (20/21) and the early enhancing type tends to ward the low echo type (11/13) (p<0.01) Therefore, we believe that the early enhancing type which represents rapid contrast inflow toward mass, contains large portions of cavernous space and showes hypoechoic, but late enhancing type which represents late contrast inflow toward a mass, contains large portions of fibrous space and showes hyperechoic. In conclusion, there was significant correlation between internal hemodynamics and echo patterns in hepatic cavernous hemangioma.

췌장 및 췌장주위병변에 있어서 경정맥 역동적 CT의 장점

장재천 대한영상의학회 1993 대한영상의학회지 Vol.29 No.4

Authors compared early phase scan of the IV bolus CT (two phase incremental bolus dynamic CT) with late enhanecd scan similar to the conventional contrast enhanced CT for evaluation of the advantages of the IV bolus CT with two viewpoints of the pancreatic or peripancreatic mass and peripancreatic lymphadenopathy in 68 patients-28 cases of the pancreatic cancer, 6 cases of the pancreatitis and 34 cases of the pancreatic or peripancreatic metastasis. On the diagnois of the pancreatic or peripancreatic mass, IV bolus CT could show the lesion (S) more easily in 41% (Grade II;13/31) and much more easily in 34% (Grade III; 10/31) when compared with conventional contrast CT scan, The diagnosis of the peripacreatic lymph node involvement was also easy in 51%(Grade II; 20·39) and much easier in 37% (Grade III; 14/39) We thought that these differences were originated from the increase of the contrast between the lesion and normal portion because the early enhanced scans reflected the active blood flow change more exactly. Therefore IV bolus CT has advantages in comparison with the conventional drip infusion contrast CT in the diagnosis of the presence and pathologic extension of the pancreatic and peripancreatic lesion.

간내 구역성 관류이상 : 급속조영 CT에서 보이는 간내 동맥 및 문맥 혈류의 관계

장재천 대한영상의학회 1993 대한영상의학회지 Vol.29 No.4

Sixty seven cases of segmental arterial hyperperfusion and thirty one eases of segemental portal hypoprfusion detected among 803 cases of arterial and portal dominant CT were studied for the evaluation of etiology and mechanism causing intrahepatic segmental abnormal perfusion in normal portion of the liver around hepatic mass. Hepatic masses causing segmental abnormal perfusion were hepatocellular carcinoma, peripheral cholangiocarcinoma, metastasis, abscess, and cavernous hemangioma. Segmental portal hypoperfusion was seen on the area of segmental arterial hyperperfusion in all the cases a nd segmental arterial hyperperfusion was seen on the area of segmental portal hypoperfusion in 77% of cases. In conclusion. there are intrahepatic segmental portal and arterial abnormal perfusions in normal portion around hepatic mass, and these phenomena may be developed with close reciprocal alteration between both portal and hepatic arterial flows.

혈관 조영 CT에 의한 간종괴의 검색

장재천 대한영상의학회 1992 대한영상의학회지 Vol.28 No.4

Authors performed angio-CT(portal &/or arterial CT) in 35 patients with various hepatic masses. We obtained portal CT in 32 and arterial CT in 13 patients. the contrast material was injected into superior mesenteric artery for portal CT and into hepatic artery for arterial CT after transfemoral cathetrization of these arteries. We concluded that portal CT was superior to other imaging modalities highly sensitive in detecting hepatic masses, especially, early hepatocellular carcinoma, daughter nodules, and subclinical metastatic hepatic malignancy, With this method, detection rate of early hepatocelluar carcinomas improved 62% in numver of patients and 90% in number of masses. Detection rate of subclinical hepatic metastases improve 60% each in number of patients and in number of masses. It was also useful for the detection of portal vein invasion. Arterial CT was useful in differential diagnosis of masses and in defining the characteristics of entire or part of the masses beca se this method revealed hemodynamic patterns more definitely.

간세포암 치유절제후 재발양식:방사선학적 유형

장재천 대한영상의학회 1995 대한영상의학회지 Vol.33 No.1

Purpose : To obtain the useful information about tumor behavior of hepatocellular carcinoma by analizing therecurrence pattern after curative resection. Materials and methods : Forty-two patients who underwent curativeresection of hepatocellular carcinoma were analized. Based on the firstly detected radiologic recurrence, weclassified recurrence patterns into three types, type I;marginal recurrence, type II;intrahepaticnodular(multiple, single) and type III; extrahepatic. We also analized its duration of recurrence after curativeresection. Results : Eighteen patients showed no radiologic recurrence during follow-up period(mean 19.2 months).Twenty-four patients showed radiologic recurrence at 29 sites and its mean duration was 11.0 months. Recurrencepattern were seven cases in type I, 14 cases in type II(multiple 11, single three), eight cases in type IIIincluding two omental, two extrahepatic lymph node, two brain, one spine, and one intracranial metastasis. Amongthe extrahepatic recurrence, five cases showed only distant metastasis without hepatic recurrence. Mean durationof recurrence according to the site was 16.0 months in type I, 12.6 months in type II, 12.3 months in type III.Among 20 patients with single site recurrence, type II (9.0 months) was earlier than type I(10.3 months).Conclusion : Intrahepatic recurrence is more common than extrahepatic recurrence. Intrahepatic nodular, especiallymultinodular recurrence, is more common than marginal recurrence. Intrahepatic recurrence has tendency to developeearlier metastain earlier than marginal recurrence.

간내 말초형 담관세포암:CT 스캔의 역동적 소견

장재천 대한영상의학회 1995 대한영상의학회지 Vol.32 No.5

Purpose: To elucidate the dynamic features of CT scans in peripheral cholangiocarcinoma for thedifferentiation of this tumor from various primary hepatic neoplasms. Materials & methods: Materials were 24 casesof pathologically confirmed peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. Contrast enhancement patterns of central and peripheralportion of the masses were analyzed at three phase including arterial dominant(22), tissue equilibrial(24), andpostequilibrial(9). other associated CT findings and laboratory data were analyzed. Results: Serum total bilirubinwas almostly below 2 mg/dl(22/24), hepatitis B surface antigen was positive in only 9%, serum alphafetoprotein waselevated in 18%, carcinoembryonic antigen in 47%, cancer antigen 19-9 in 60%. In the arterial dominant image(22).50% of the cases showed peripheral hyperdensity and 50% total hypodensity. In the tissue equilibrial images(24).63% showed total hypodensity, 25% peripheral hyperdensity, and 13% total isodensity. In the postequilibrialimages(9), 45% showed peripheral hypodensity, 33% total hyperdensity, and 22% total hypodensity. The relative CTdensity of central portion of mass was higher in later phase than earlier phase. Associated findings were IHDdilatation(18) or stone(2), lymphadenopathy(11), ipsilateral lobar shrinkage(7), surrounding cystic mass(2),calcification within the mass(2) and choledochal cyst(2). Conclusion: Dynamic features of CT scans were useful forthe systematic differentiation of the peripheral cholangiocarcinoma from various primary hepatic neoplasm.